Abstract
The moralisation of tourism presents alternatives to mass tourism that are considered not only better from the perspective of developing countries where tourism is implemented as a developmental tool, but also better for the tourists themselves. Oxfam Community Aid Abroad (OCAA), an independent, Australian, secular, not-for-profit, non-government, community-based aid and development organisation began in Australia in 1953 as a church-affiliated group. The NGO study tours in Cuba, which are the subject of this research appeal precisely to this desire by offering people-to-people contact through an itinerary of seminars and community project visits with local grassroots organisations. Global Exchange is a San Francisco based non-profit human rights organisation operating as a research, education and action centre, which works for global political, economic, environmental and social justice, and operates within a new social movement's framework. New forms of tourism and the niche markets they characterise raise questions of sustainability that have become a corollary element of modernisation.