Abstract
In this chapter we briefly discuss the various elements that comprise the concept of assessment, as well as the distinction between assessment and testing. We explore the issues related to the lack of fit between Western and Australian Indigenous perspectives on mental illness. We examine the history of assessment and testing with culturally diverse groups, and explore a range of emergent principles and guidelines for practice to improve and govern assessment practices with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. We conclude that assessment and those practitioners conducting assessment must be repositioned (and reposition themselves) to play an important role in the development of procedures and practices in the provision of mental health care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia.