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Review
Sex and gender differences in cognitive resilience to aging and Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's & dementia, Vol.20(8), pp.5695-5719
2024
Abstract
Sex and gender—biological and social constructs—significantly impact the prevalence of protective and risk factors, influencing the burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD; amyloid beta and tau) and other pathologies (e.g., cerebrovascular disease) which ultimately shape cognitive trajectories. Understanding the interplay of these factors is central to understanding resilience and resistance mechanisms explaining maintained cognitive function and reduced pathology accumulation in aging and AD. In this narrative review, the ADDRESS! Special Interest Group (Alzheimer's Association) adopted a multidisciplinary approach to provide the foundations and recommendations for future research into sex- and gender-specific drivers of resilience, including a sex/gender-oriented review of risk factors, genetics, AD and non-AD pathologies, brain structure and function, and animal research. We urge the field to adopt a sex/gender-aware approach to resilience to advance our understanding of the intricate interplay of biological and social determinants and consider sex/gender-specific resilience throughout disease stages.
Highlights
Sex differences in resilience to cognitive decline vary by age and cognitive status.
Initial evidence supports sex-specific distinctions in brain pathology.
Findings suggest sex differences in the impact of pathology on cognition.
There is a sex-specific change in resilience in the transition to clinical stages.
Gender and sex factors warrant study: modifiable, immune, inflammatory, and vascular.
Details
- Title
- Sex and gender differences in cognitive resilience to aging and Alzheimer's disease
- Authors/Creators
- Eider M Arenaza-UrquijoRory Boyle - Massachusetts General HospitalKaitlin Casaletto - University Memory and Aging CenterKaarin J. Anstey - UNSW SydneyClara Vila-CastelarAaron Colverson - University of FloridaEleni Palpatzis - Barcelona Institute for Global HealthJaclyn M Eissman - Vanderbilt University Medical CenterTed Kheng Siang NgSheelakumari Raghavan - Mayo ClinicMuge Akinci - Barcelona Institute for Global HealthJet M J Vonk - University Memory and Aging CenterLuiza S Machado - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPreeti P Zanwar - Jefferson CollegeHom L Shrestha - Laurentian UniversityMaude Wagner - Rush University Medical CenterStefano Tamburin - University of VeronaHamid Sohrabi - Murdoch UniversitySamantha Loi - The Royal Melbourne HospitalDavid Bartrés-FazDena B Dubal - University of California, San FranciscoVemuri Prashanthi - Mayo ClinicOzioma Okonkwo - University of Wisconsin–MadisonTimothy J. Hohman - Vanderbilt University Medical CenterMichael Ewers - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenRachel F Buckley - Massachusetts General Hospital
- Publication Details
- Alzheimer's & dementia, Vol.20(8), pp.5695-5719
- Publisher
- Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association
- Identifiers
- 991005684570207891
- Copyright
- © 2024 The Authors.
- Murdoch Affiliation
- Centre for Healthy Ageing; School of Psychology
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Review
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