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Optimisation of residual solvent-free liposomal formulations for cannabidiol and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol by green processing
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Optimisation of residual solvent-free liposomal formulations for cannabidiol and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol by green processing

Umar Khan, Leon N. Warne and Chau Chun Beh
AIP conference proceedings, Vol.3324(1)
THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING & ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY: ICSEAT2024 (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 05/08/2024–06/08/2024)
2025
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Abstract

Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have been studied extensively for medical applications including the treatment of chronic pain, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis etc. The benefits of medicinal cannabis are promising only if the dosage of CBD and THC is within the optimal range. Liposomes are effective nano-drug carriers encapsulating optimal drug doses for controlled release in the body. Conventional methods for producing liposomes have limitations, including the excessive use of organic solvents, incomplete removal of residual solvents, and the requirement for high operating temperatures. In this study, formulations of CBD and THC in liposomes were investigated using a continuous green supercritical fluid process, known as “Nano-carrier formation by a continuous dense gas” or NADEG. The liposomal formulations produced by NADEG were free of residual solvents. Various raw materials for liposomes were examined to compare the encapsulation efficiency of CBD and THC, both individually and in combination. The highest encapsulation efficiencies of CBD and THC in liposomes were achieved at 40.6% and 23.6%, respectively. Unilamellar and multilamellar liposomes encapsulating CBD and THC with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 100-200 nm were obtained using different types of phospholipids and excipients. Zeta potential measurements indicated that the liposomes produced exhibited weakly negative surface charges.

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