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Journal article
A regulatory-driven planning framework for fast charging station deployment in power distribution systems
Energy conversion and management. X, Vol.31, 102174
2026
Abstract
Regulation plays a crucial role in encouraging distribution system operators (DSOs) to enhance the technical performance of power distribution systems. Meanwhile, the increasing deployment of fast charging stations (FCSs) offers considerable flexibility that can be exploited to enhance system reliability and peak-shaving capability through appropriately designed incentives. To coordinate the interactions among the regulator, DSO, and FCS aggregator, this paper proposes a regulatory-driven planning framework for optimal FCS deployment by integrating both the FCS planning model and the DSO’s operational problem into a unified decision-making framework. Within this framework, the regulator incentivizes the DSO to enhance system reliability under N−1 contingencies and peak-shaving performance under normal state through coordinated vehicle-to-grid and grid-to-vehicle services provided by the aggregator. Accordingly, a four-step planning process is developed. First, the baseline FCS planning is determined by the aggregator. Next, the regulator establishes a reliability-oriented penalty-reward model and a peak-shaving-focused reward model. Subsequently, the baseline objective functions of the DSO and aggregator are identified to evaluate their economic interactions. Finally, a system-oriented problem jointly optimizes the FCS planning model and the DSO’s operational problem under uncertainties in traffic flow and consumers’ demand. Case studies on the IEEE 33 and 69-bus test systems demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed framework. Compared with conventional baseline models, the proposed framework increases the economic profits of the DSO and aggregator respectively by 37.0 and 56.0%, for the IEEE 33-bus system and respectively by 50.4 and 22.58%, for the IEEE 69-bus system. Furthermore, it enhances system reliability respectively by 39.9 and 62.53% for the IEEE 33 and 69-bus test systems, while improving peak-shaving capability by 25.0% for both systems. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework provides a practical regulatory mechanism for economically efficient FCS deployment while enhancing distribution system performance and creating a win-win outcome for both the DSO and aggregator.
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Details
- Title
- A regulatory-driven planning framework for fast charging station deployment in power distribution systems
- Authors/Creators
- Iman Soltani - Iran University of Science and TechnologyAmin Alavi-Eshkaftaki - Isfahan University of TechnologyAli Mokhtari - Isfahan University of TechnologyFarhad Shahnia - Murdoch University, School of Engineering and Energy
- Publication Details
- Energy conversion and management. X, Vol.31, 102174
- Publisher
- Elsevier Ltd.
- Identifiers
- 991005909772407891
- Copyright
- © 2026 The Authors.
- Murdoch Affiliation
- School of Engineering and Energy
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article
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