Abstract
Deep convolutional networks are vulnerable to image translation or shift, partly due to common down-sampling layers, e.g., max-pooling and strided convolution. These operations violate the Nyquist sampling rate and cause aliasing. The textbook solution is low-pass filtering (blurring) before down-sampling, which can benefit deep networks as well. Even so, non-linearity units, such as ReLU, often re-introduce the problem, suggesting that blurring alone may not suffice. In this work, first, we analyse deep features with Fourier transform and show that Depth Adaptive Blurring is more effective, as opposed to monotonic blurring. To this end, we propose a novel Depth Adaptive Blur-pool (DAB-pool) module to replace existing down-sampling methods. Second, we introduce a novel activation function – with a built-in low pass filter, as an additional measure, to keep the problem from reappearing. From experiments, we observe generalisation on other forms of transformations and corruptions as well, e.g., rotation, scale, and noise. We evaluate our method under three challenging settings: (1) a variety of image translations; (2) adversarial attacks – both ℓp bounded and unbounded; and (3) data corruptions and perturbations. In each setting, our method achieves state-of-the-art results and improves clean accuracy on various benchmark datasets.
