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Binary transition metal oxides vs. binary metal oxides for electrochemical supercapacitors: Performance, challenges, and future prospects
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Binary transition metal oxides vs. binary metal oxides for electrochemical supercapacitors: Performance, challenges, and future prospects

Galey Dorji, Manickam Minakshi, Katsuhiko Ariga and Lok Kumar Shrestha
Journal of energy storage, Vol.147, 120116
2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2025.120116
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Published15.97 MBDownloadView
CC BY V4.0,  Open Access

Abstract

ABO4 molybdates Binary Scheelite Supercapacitors Transition
This review investigates the potential of molybdate nanocomposites with the general formula ABO4 (A = Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba; and B = Mo) as advanced electrode materials for aqueous energy storage systems. Electrochemical energy storage technologies, such as supercapacitors and batteries, offer distinct advantages over mechanical and thermal systems, including higher energy efficiency, faster response times, modular scalability, and integration with renewable energy sources. Among the various electrochemical energy storage technologies, supercapacitors are distinguished by their high-power density, rapid charge–discharge rates, and long cycle life, positioning them as strong candidates for next-generation applications. Binary transition metal oxides (BTMOs) such as cobaltates, ferrates, manganates, vanadates, and molybdates have been extensively studied due to their superior electrochemical performance, owing to their multiple redox states, structural stability, and high electrical conductivity, largely attributed to the synergistic interactions between transition metal ions. In comparison, binary metal oxides (BMOs) with the general formula MMoO₄ (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba) represent a distinct class of oxides with distinguishing crystallographic features. Their crystal structures are influenced by the ionic radius of the divalent cation: wolframite-type structures form when A = Mg (<0.99 Å), while scheelite-type structures are observed for Ca, Sr, and Ba (>0.99 Å). Specifically, MgMoO₄ typically adopts the wolframite structure, characterized by octahedral coordination of Mo, whereas CaMoO₄, SrMoO₄, and BaMoO₄ generally crystallize in the scheelite structure, where Mo is tetrahedrally coordinated. Despite their structural versatility and inherent stability, BMOs with ABO₄-type composition remain underexplored compared to BTMOs. However, their tunable crystal chemistry and the combined properties of alkaline-earth and transition-metal elements make them promising materials for advanced supercapacitor electrode materials. This review summarizes recent progress in doping and hybridization strategies aimed at enhancing the electrochemical performance of BaMoO4 and related molybdate-based materials. Doping can effectively alter charge carrier concentrations and tailor electronic properties, thereby improving energy storage capabilities. Although doping can significantly enhance charge transport and electrochemical activity, the synthesis of well-defined molybdate nanostructures remains a major challenge, limiting their scalability and practical deployment. A promising approach involves the hybridization of BaMoO₄ with ZnO, a semiconductor renowned for its excellent electrical conductivity and mechanical robustness. Combustion synthesis of BaMoO₄/ZnO nanocomposites has yielded materials with improved energy and power densities, demonstrating synergistic effects between the two components. These advancements underscore the growing potential of BaMoO₄/ZnO-based systems in the development of sustainable and high-performance energy storage technologies.

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2 Chemistry
2.62 Electrochemistry
2.62.52 Electrode Materials
Web Of Science research areas
Energy & Fuels
ESI research areas
Engineering
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