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CC BY V4.0, Open Access
Journal article
Circadian variation of human milk hormones and macronutrients: Implications for sampling and analysis strategies
Proceedings, Vol.84(15), Art.15
2023
Abstract
The daily variation in human milk (HM) hormones and macronutrients is not well characterised and sample protocols are highly variable between studies. Method: During a 24 h period, the mothers (n = 10) hand-expressed small milk samples, immediately before and after each breastfeeding or expression from each breast. Test-weighing was used to determine the volume of HM consumed in each feed. Concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, insulin, fat, and glucose were measured by variable biochemical assays. A linear mixed model was fitted to eleven outcomes of leptin, adiponectin, insulin, fat, glucose (dose and concentration for each), and feed volume. The explanatory variables considered were a circadian cycle (cosine and sine terms), and for dose and concentration outcomes, an indicator variable for pre- or post-feed. The random effect was a circadian cycle (cosine and sine terms) for each mother. Results: The average infant intake of HM was 1060 mL/day (8 to 20 feeds/day). Pre- and post-feed differences were found in the concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, insulin, and fat (p < 0.05). Significant circadian variation across the 24 h period was found in adiponectin concentration, insulin (both concentration and dose), fat dose, glucose (both concentration and dose), and milk volume. Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of establishing standardised and rigorous sampling protocols considering all levels of variations (within-feed or circadian) to provide a better determination of the impact of these components on infant health and development.
Details
- Title
- Circadian variation of human milk hormones and macronutrients: Implications for sampling and analysis strategies
- Authors/Creators
- Majed A. Suwaydi - The University of Western AustraliaChing Tat Lai - The University of Western AustraliaAlethea Rea - Murdoch University, Centre for Terrestrial Ecosystem Science and SustainabilityMary E. Wlodek - The University of Western AustraliaDonna T. Geddes - The University of Western Australia
- Publication Details
- Proceedings, Vol.84(15), Art.15
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Identifiers
- 991005566470207891
- Copyright
- © 2023 by the authors.
- Murdoch Affiliation
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, Chemistry and Physics
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article
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