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Journal article
Critical Review on the Public Health Impact of Norovirus Contamination in Shellfish and the Environment: A UK Perspective
Food and environmental virology, Vol.9(2), pp.123-141
2017
PMCID: PMC5429388
PMID: 28176295
Abstract
We review the risk of norovirus (NoV) infection to the human population from consumption of contaminated shellfish. From a UK perspective, risk is apportioned for different vectors of NoV infection within the population. NoV spreads mainly by person-to-person contact or via unsanitary food handling. NoV also enters the coastal zone via wastewater discharges resulting in contamination of shellfish waters. Typically, NoV persists in the marine environment for several days, with its presence strongly linked to human population density, wastewater discharge rate, and efficacy of wastewater treatment. Shellfish bioaccumulate NoV and current post-harvest depuration is inefficient in its removal. While NoV can be inactivated by cooking (e.g. mussels), consumption of contaminated raw shellfish (e.g. oysters) represents a risk to human health. Consumption of contaminated food accounts for 3-11% of NoV cases in the UK (similar to 74,000 cases/year), of which 16% are attributable to oyster consumption (11,800 cases/year). However, environmental and human factors influencing NoV infectivity remain poorly understood. Lack of standard methods for accurate quantification of infective and non-infective (damaged) NoV particles represent a major barrier, hampering identification of an appropriate lower NoV contamination limit for shellfish. Future management strategies may include shellfish quality assessment (at point of harvest or at point of supply) or harvesting controls. However, poor understanding of NoV inactivation in shellfish and the environment currently limits accurate apportionment and risk assessment for NoV and hence the identification of appropriate shellfish or environmental quality standards.
Details
- Title
- Critical Review on the Public Health Impact of Norovirus Contamination in Shellfish and the Environment: A UK Perspective
- Authors/Creators
- Francis Hassard - Bangor UniversityJasmine H. Sharp - Natural Resources WalesHelen Taft - Bangor UniversityLewis LeVay - Bangor UniversityJohn P. Harris - University of LiverpoolJames E. McDonald - Bangor UniversityKaren Tuson - Bangor UniversityJames Wilson - Nashotah House Theological SeminaryDavid L. Jones - Bangor UniversityShelagh K. Malham - Bangor University
- Publication Details
- Food and environmental virology, Vol.9(2), pp.123-141
- Publisher
- Springer Nature
- Number of pages
- 19
- Grant note
- Welsh Government Shellfish Association of Great Britain Dwr Cymru/Welsh Water NE/M011577/1 / NERC; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) NE/M011577/1 / Natural Environment Research Council; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) European Fisheries Fund (Human Pathogens and Shellfish [Shellpath]) project Bangor Mussel Producers
- Identifiers
- 991005560437807891
- Copyright
- © The Author(s) 2017.
- Murdoch Affiliation
- Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article
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