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Published (Version of Record)CC BY V4.0, Open Access
Journal article
Effectiveness of Kaolinite with and Without Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC) in Removing Toxic Alexandrium minutum
Toxins, Vol.17(8), 395
2025
Abstract
Alexandrium spp. blooms and paralytic shellfish poisoning pose serious economic threats to coastal communities and aquaculture. This study evaluated the removal efficiency of two Alexandrium minutum strains using natural kaolinite clay (KNAC) and kaolinite with polyaluminum chloride (KPAC) at three concentrations (0.1, 0.25, and 0.3 g L−1), two pH levels (7 and 8), and two cell densities (1.0 and 2.0 × 107 cells L−1) in seawater. PAC significantly enhanced removal, achieving up to 100% efficiency within two hours. Zeta potential analysis showed that PAC imparted positive surface charges to the clay, promoting electrostatic interactions with negatively charged algal cells and enhancing flocculation through Van der Waals attractions. In addition, the study conducted a cost estimate analysis and found that treating one hectare at 0.1 g L−1 would cost approximately USD 31.75. The low KPAC application rate also suggests minimal environmental impact on benthic habitats.
Details
- Title
- Effectiveness of Kaolinite with and Without Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC) in Removing Toxic Alexandrium minutum
- Authors/Creators
- Cherono Sheilah Kwambai - Murdoch UniversityHouda Ennaceri - Murdoch UniversityAlan J. Lymbery - Murdoch UniversityDamian W. Laird - Murdoch UniversityJeff CosgroveNavid Reza Moheimani - Murdoch University
- Publication Details
- Toxins, Vol.17(8), 395
- Publisher
- MDPI
- Identifiers
- 991005807447207891
- Copyright
- © 2025 by the authors
- Murdoch Affiliation
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, Chemistry and Physics; School of Environmental and Conservation Sciences; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems; Centre for Water, Energy and Waste; Algae R&D Centre
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article
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