Facile and Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Low-defect Few-Layers Graphene (FLG) Using Combined Shear Exfoliation Methods

Amun Amri; Revika Wulandari; Dhina Fabryza; Sunarno Sunarno; Desi Heltina; Syaiful Bahri; Deki Sarma; Hussein A. Miran; M. Mahbubur Rahman; Mohammednoor Altarawneh; Zhong Tao Jiang

doi:10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2025.57.5.4

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Facile and Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Low-defect Few-Layers Graphene (FLG) Using Combined Shear Exfoliation Methods

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Facile and Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Low-defect Few-Layers Graphene (FLG) Using Combined Shear Exfoliation Methods

Amun Amri, Revika Wulandari, Dhina Fabryza, Sunarno Sunarno, Desi Heltina, Syaiful Bahri, Deki Sarma, Hussein A. Miran, M. Mahbubur Rahman, Mohammednoor Altarawneh, …

Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, Vol.57(5), pp.613-626

2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2025.57.5.4

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Abstract

few-layer graphene (FLG)

high shear exfoliation (HSE)

mixer rotation

process duration

turbulence-assisted shear exfoliation (TASE)

This study presents an environmentally friendly and scalable method for synthesizing high-quality few-layer graphene (FLG) through a combination of turbulence-assisted shear exfoliation (TASE) and high shear exfoliation (HSE) techniques. By systematically varying the high-shear mixer (HSM) speed (3000–5000 rpm) and processing time (1–3 hours), we precisely controlled key material attributes, including the number of graphene layers, crystallinity, lateral size, and defect density. Optimal conditions (5000 rpm, 3 hours) resulted in FLG with ~2–3 layers, confirmed by a symmetric 2D peak with a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of ~35 cm⁻¹ and a high I2D/IG ratio (~0.6), indicating excellent structural integrity. The ID/IG ratio (~0.1) further verified the presence of minimal defects, predominantly edge vacancies rather than oxidative disruptions. Raman imaging revealed a dominance of zigzag edge chirality, while TEM and PSA analyses demonstrated control over lateral size (~396.5 nm) and particle uniformity. The application of household dishwashing liquid as a green surfactant innovatively enabled selective and pure exfoliation. This work highlights how precise modulation of shear parameters can directly influence graphene quality, paving the way for sustainable large-scale production of low-defect FLG.

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Title: Facile and Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Low-defect Few-Layers Graphene (FLG) Using Combined Shear Exfoliation Methods
Authors/Creators: Amun Amri - Riau University
Revika Wulandari
Dhina Fabryza
Sunarno Sunarno
Desi Heltina
Syaiful Bahri
Deki Sarma
Hussein A. Miran - University of Baghdad
M. Mahbubur Rahman
Mohammednoor Altarawneh - United Arab Emirates University
Zhong Tao Jiang - Murdoch University, Centre for Water, Energy and Waste
Publication Details: Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, Vol.57(5), pp.613-626
Publisher: Institut Teknologi Bandung
Number of pages: 14
Identifiers: 991005835761807891
Murdoch Affiliation: Centre for Water, Energy and Waste; Surface Analysis and Materials Engineering Research Group
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article

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