Journal article
Factors associated with D-Dimer levels in HIV-Infected individuals
PLoS ONE, Vol.9(3)
2014
Abstract
Background
Higher plasma D-dimer levels are strong predictors of mortality in HIV+ individuals. The factors associated with D-dimer levels during HIV infection, however, remain poorly understood.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, participants in three randomized controlled trials with measured D-dimer levels were included (N = 9,848). Factors associated with D-dimer were identified by linear regression. Covariates investigated were: age, gender, race, body mass index, nadir and baseline CD4+ count, plasma HIV RNA levels, markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin-6 [IL-6]), antiretroviral therapy (ART) use, ART regimens, co-morbidities (hepatitis B/C, diabetes mellitus, prior cardiovascular disease), smoking, renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] and cystatin C) and cholesterol.
Results
Women from all age groups had higher D-dimer levels than men, though a steeper increase of D-dimer with age occurred in men. Hepatitis B/C co-infection was the only co-morbidity associated with higher D-dimer levels. In this subgroup, the degree of hepatic fibrosis, as demonstrated by higher hyaluronic acid levels, but not viral load of hepatitis viruses, was positively correlated with D-dimer. Other factors independently associated with higher D-dimer levels were black race, higher plasma HIV RNA levels, being off ART at baseline, and increased levels of CRP, IL-6 and cystatin C. In contrast, higher baseline CD4+ counts and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were negatively correlated with D-dimer levels.
Conclusions
D-dimer levels increase with age in HIV+ men, but are already elevated in women at an early age due to reasons other than a higher burden of concomitant diseases. In hepatitis B/C co-infected individuals, hepatic fibrosis, but not hepatitis viral load, was associated with higher D-dimer levels.
Details
- Title
- Factors associated with D-Dimer levels in HIV-Infected individuals
- Authors/Creators
- C. Apetrei (Author/Creator)Á.H. Borges (Author/Creator) - University of CopenhagenJ.L. O’Connor (Author/Creator)A.N. Phillips (Author/Creator) - University College LondonJ.V. Baker (Author/Creator) - University of MinnesotaM.J. Vjecha (Author/Creator) - Veterans Health AdministrationM.H. Losso (Author/Creator) - Hospital Ramos MejíaH. Klinker (Author/Creator) - University of WürzburgG. Lopardo (Author/Creator) - Fundación Centro de Estudios InfectológicosI. Williams (Author/Creator) - Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research , University College London , London, United KingdomJ.D. Lundgren (Author/Creator) - University of CopenhagenM. John (Author/Creator)
- Publication Details
- PLoS ONE, Vol.9(3)
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science
- Identifiers
- 991005542290907891
- Copyright
- © 2014 Borges et al.
- Murdoch Affiliation
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Additional Information
- Mina John appears courtesy of the Insight Smart and Esprit Study Group and the SILCAAT Scientific Committee
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
This output has contributed to the advancement of the following goals:
Source: InCites
Metrics
26 Record Views
InCites Highlights
These are selected metrics from InCites Benchmarking & Analytics tool, related to this output
- Collaboration types
- Domestic collaboration
- International collaboration
- Citation topics
- 1 Clinical & Life Sciences
- 1.66 HIV
- 1.66.1372 HIV Comorbidities
- Web Of Science research areas
- Hematology
- ESI research areas
- Clinical Medicine