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Journal article
Forecasting the effects of smoking prevalence scenarios on years of life lost and life expectancy from 2022 to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
The Lancet. Public health, Vol.9(10), pp.e729-e744
2024
PMID: 39366729
Abstract
Background
Smoking is the leading behavioural risk factor for mortality globally, accounting for more than 175 million deaths and nearly 4·30 billion years of life lost (YLLs) from 1990 to 2021. The pace of decline in smoking prevalence has slowed in recent years for many countries, and although strategies have recently been proposed to achieve tobacco-free generations, none have been implemented to date. Assessing what could happen if current trends in smoking prevalence persist, and what could happen if additional smoking prevalence reductions occur, is important for communicating the effect of potential smoking policies.
Methods
In this analysis, we use the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's Future Health Scenarios platform to forecast the effects of three smoking prevalence scenarios on all-cause and cause-specific YLLs and life expectancy at birth until 2050. YLLs were computed for each scenario using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 reference life table and forecasts of cause-specific mortality under each scenario. The reference scenario forecasts what could occur if past smoking prevalence and other risk factor trends continue, the Tobacco Smoking Elimination as of 2023 (Elimination-2023) scenario quantifies the maximum potential future health benefits from assuming zero percent smoking prevalence from 2023 onwards, whereas the Tobacco Smoking Elimination by 2050 (Elimination-2050) scenario provides estimates for countries considering policies to steadily reduce smoking prevalence to 5%. Together, these scenarios underscore the magnitude of health benefits that could be reached by 2050 if countries take decisive action to eliminate smoking. The 95% uncertainty interval (UI) of estimates is based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of draws that were carried through the multistage computational framework.
Findings
Global age-standardised smoking prevalence was estimated to be 28·5% (95% UI 27·9–29·1) among males and 5·96% (5·76–6·21) among females in 2022. In the reference scenario, smoking prevalence declined by 25·9% (25·2–26·6) among males, and 30·0% (26·1–32·1) among females from 2022 to 2050. Under this scenario, we forecast a cumulative 29·3 billion (95% UI 26·8–32·4) overall YLLs among males and 22·2 billion (20·1–24·6) YLLs among females over this period. Life expectancy at birth under this scenario would increase from 73·6 years (95% UI 72·8–74·4) in 2022 to 78·3 years (75·9–80·3) in 2050. Under our Elimination-2023 scenario, we forecast 2·04 billion (95% UI 1·90–2·21) fewer cumulative YLLs by 2050 compared with the reference scenario, and life expectancy at birth would increase to 77·6 years (95% UI 75·1–79·6) among males and 81·0 years (78·5–83·1) among females. Under our Elimination-2050 scenario, we forecast 735 million (675–808) and 141 million (131–154) cumulative YLLs would be avoided among males and females, respectively. Life expectancy in 2050 would increase to 77·1 years (95% UI 74·6–79·0) among males and 80·8 years (78·3–82·9) among females.
Interpretation
Existing tobacco policies must be maintained if smoking prevalence is to continue to decline as forecast by the reference scenario. In addition, substantial smoking-attributable burden can be avoided by accelerating the pace of smoking elimination. Implementation of new tobacco control policies are crucial in avoiding additional smoking-attributable burden in the coming decades and to ensure that the gains won over the past three decades are not lost.
Funding
Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Details
- Title
- Forecasting the effects of smoking prevalence scenarios on years of life lost and life expectancy from 2022 to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Authors/Creators
- Dana Bryazka - University of Washington, SeattleMarissa B Reitsma - University of Washington, SeattleYohannes Habtegiorgis Abate - Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo General Hospital, Aleta Wondo, EthiopiaAbdallah H A Abd Al Magied - Ajman UniversityAtef Abdelkader - Ajman UniversityArash Abdollahi - Iran University of Medical SciencesMeriem Abdoun - Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, AlgeriaRizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader - National Institute of EpidemiologyRoberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga - Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz, MexicoE S Abhilash - Department of Botany, Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur, Kozhikode, IndiaOlugbenga Olusola Abiodun - Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, NigeriaOlumide Abiodun - Babcock UniversityRichard Gyan Aboagye - University of Health and Allied SciencesLucas Guimarães Abreu - Department of Pediatric Dentistry of the School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, BrazilDariush Abtahi - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesHasan Abualruz - Al-Zaytoonah University of JordanBilyaminu Abubakar - Usmanu Danfodiyo UniversityNiveen ME Abu-Rmeileh - Birzeit UniversitySalahdein Aburuz - United Arab Emirates UniversityAhmed Abu-Zaid - Alfaisal UniversityMesafint Molla Adane - Bahir Dar UniversityAkindele Olupelumi Adebiyi - University of IbadanOyelola A Adegboye - Charles Darwin UniversityVictor Adekanmbi - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USAHabeeb Omoponle Adewuyi - University of IbadanQorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani - Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, IndonesiaLeticia Akua Adzigbli - University of Health and Allied SciencesSiamak Afaghi - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesAanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi - Memphis Center For Reproductive HealthMuhammad Sohail Afzal - Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, PakistanSaira Afzal - King Edward Memorial HospitalAntonella Agodi - University of CataniaWilliams Agyemang-Duah - Queen's UniversityBright Opoku Ahinkorah - School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaAustin J Ahlstrom - University of Washington, SeattleAqeel Ahmad - Shaqra UniversityDanish Ahmad - University of CanberraMuayyad M Ahmad - University of JordanSajjad Ahmad - Abasyn UniversityShahzaib Ahmad - Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, USAAli Ahmadi - Shahrekord University of Medical SciencesAnisuddin Ahmed - International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchAyman Ahmed - University of KhartoumHaroon Ahmed - COMSATS University IslamabadMuktar Beshir Ahmed - Jimma UniversitySafoora Ahmed - Jamia HamdardMarjan Ajami - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesMohammed Ahmed Akkaif - Fudan UniversityEma Akter - International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchSalah Al Awaidy - Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, OmanSyed Mahfuz Al Hasan - Washington University in St. LouisYazan Al-Ajlouni - School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USAZiyad Al-Aly - Washington University in St. LouisKhurshid Alam - Murdoch University, Centre for Healthy AgeingZufishan Alam - Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart UniversityWafa A Aldhaleei - Mayo ClinicAbdelazeem M Algammal - Suez Canal UniversityAdel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi - Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, AustraliaKhalid F Alhabib - King Saud UniversityFadwa Naji Alhalaiqa - Qatar UniversityMohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi - King Abdulaziz UniversityAbid Ali - Abdul Wali Khan University MardanMohammed Usman Ali - University of MaiduguriRafat Ali - Jamia Millia IslamiaSyed Shujait Ali - University of SwatWaad Ali - Sultan Qaboos UniversitySheikh Mohammad Alif - Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaSyed Mohamed Aljunid - University of Kuala LumpurFrançois Alla - Bordeaux School of Public Health, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, FrancePeter Allebeck - Karolinska InstitutetWael Almahmeed - Cleveland ClinicSabah Al-Marwani - Sana'a UniversitySadeq Al-Maweri - Qatar UniversityMahmoud A Alomari - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyJaber S Alqahtani - Prince Sultan Military College of Health SciencesAhmed Yaseen Alqutaibi - Taibah UniversityRajaa M Mohammad Al-Raddadi - King Abdulaziz UniversitySahel Majed Alrousan - Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSaqr Alsakarneh - University of MissouriNajim Z Alshahrani - Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaZaid Altaany - Yarmouk UniversityAwais Altaf - University of LahoreNelson Alvis-Guzman - Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, ColombiaMohammad Al-Wardat - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyYaser Mohammed Al-Worafi - Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'a, YemenHany Aly - Cleveland ClinicSafwat Aly - Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USAMohammad Sharif Ibrahim Alyahya - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyKarem H Alzoubi - University of SharjahWalid Adnan Al-Zyoud - German Jordanian UniversityReza Amani - University of IowaTarek Tawfik Amin - Cairo UniversitySohrab Amiri - Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesHubert Amu - University of Health and Allied SciencesGianna Gayle Herrera Amul - Ateneo de Manila UniversityGaniyu Adeniyi Amusa - University of JosTanu Anand - Clinical Studies & Trials Unit, Indian Council of Medical Research, Delhi, IndiaDeanna Anderlini - Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaDavid B Anderson - The University of SydneyJason A Anderson - University of Washington, SeattleCatalina Liliana Andrei - Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacyTudorel Andrei - Bucharest University of Economic StudiesMohammed Tahir Ansari - University of NottinghamIyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa - University of Medical Sciences, OndoSaeid Anvari - Guilan University of Medical SciencesSumadi Lukman Anwar - Universitas Gadjah MadaAnayochukwu Edward Anyasodor - Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, AustraliaJalal Arabloo - Iran University of Medical SciencesElshaimaa A Arafa - Ajman UniversityAleksandr Y Aravkin - University of Washington, SeattleDemelash Areda - Ottawa UniversityBrhane Berhe Aregawi - Adigrat UniversityOlatunde Aremu - Birmingham City UniversityAnton A Artamonov - Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RussiaAkeza Awealom Asgedom - Mekelle UniversityMohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi - Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Malvern, VIC, AustraliaMubarek Yesse Ashemo - Jimma UniversityTahira Ashraf - University of LahoreThomas Astell-Burt - The University of SydneySeyyed Shamsadin Athari - Zanjan University of Medical SciencesPrince Atorkey - School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, AustraliaAlok Atreya - Lumbini Medical CollegeAvinash Aujayeb - Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation TrustAdedapo Wasiu Awotidebe - Bayero University KanoGetinet Ayano - School of Indigenous Studies, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, AustraliaSetognal Birara Aychiluhm - Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaSina Azadnajafabad - Washington University in St. LouisAhmed Y Azzam - Albert Einstein College of MedicineGiridhara Rathnaiah Babu - Qatar UniversityPegah Bahrami Taghanaki - Mashhad University of Medical SciencesSaeed Bahramian - Isfahan University of Medical SciencesRuhai Bai - Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyShankar M Bakkannavar - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationSenthilkumar Balakrishnan - Division of Biological Sciences, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai, IndiaKiran Bam - Monash UniversityMaciej Banach - Medical University of LodzSoham Bandyopadhyay - University of OxfordMehmet Firat Baran - Batman UniversityMartina Barchitta - University of CataniaMainak Bardhan - University of MiamiSuzanne Lyn Barker-Collo - University of AucklandAmadou Barrow - University of the GambiaHameed Akande Bashiru - Department of Animal Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, NigeriaAfisu Basiru - University of IlorinMohammad-Mahdi Bastan - Tehran University of Medical SciencesSanjay Basu - Harvard UniversitySaurav Basu - Department of Academics, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, IndiaKavita Batra - University of Nevada, Las VegasMohsen Bayati - Shiraz University of Medical SciencesAmir Hossein Behnoush - Tehran University of Medical SciencesShelly L Bell - University of New HavenLuis Belo - Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, PortugalAlice A Beneke - College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USADerrick A Bennett - University of OxfordIsabela M Bensenor - Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilAzizullah Beran - Indiana University IndianapolisAmiel Nazer C Bermudez - University of the Philippines ManilaHabtamu B Beyene - Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteDevidas S Bhagat - Institute of Forensic ScienceAkshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula - North Dakota State UniversityNeeraj Bhala - University of NottinghamNikha Bhardwaj - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurPankaj Bhardwaj - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurSonu Bhaskar - Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaAjay Nagesh Bhat - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationNatalia V Bhattacharjee - University of Washington, SeattlePriyadarshini Bhattacharjee - Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKJasvinder Singh Bhatti - Central University of PunjabCem Bilgin - Mayo ClinicAtanu Biswas - Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and ResearchBijit Biswas - All India Institute of Medical Sciences, DeogharMicheal Kofi Boachie - University of the WitwatersrandEyob Ketema Bogale - Bahir Dar UniversityBerrak Bora Basara - Directorate of HealthHamed Borhany - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesSamuel Adolf Bosoka - Ghana Health ServiceSouad Bouaoud - University Ferhat Abbas of SetifEdward J Boyko - University of Washington, SeattleHermann Brenner - Heidelberg (Poland)Andre R Brunoni - Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilRaffaele Bugiardini - University of BolognaNorma B Bulamu - Flinders UniversityYasser Bustanji - University of JordanZahid A Butt - University of WaterlooFlorentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos - Harvard UniversityDaniela Calina - University of Medicine and Pharmacy of CraiovaChao Cao - Harvard UniversityFan Cao - Institute of OphthalmologyAngelo Capodici - Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliRosario Cárdenas - Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, MexicoGiulia Carreras - Florence (Netherlands)Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia - Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilMaria Sofia Cattaruzza - Sapienza University of RomeArthur Caye - Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilLuca Cegolon - University of TriesteEdina Cenko - University of BolognaSonia Cerrai - Istituto di Fisiologia ClinicaSandip Chakraborty - State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, IndiaRama Mohan Chandika - Jazan UniversityEeshwar K Chandrasekar - University of RochesterVijay Kumar Chattu - University of TorontoAnis Ahmad Chaudhary - Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic UniversityAkhilanand Chaurasia - King George's Medical UniversityAn-Tian Chen - Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeGuangjin Chen - Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyHaowei Chen - Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, ChinaMeng Xuan Chen - University of MichiganSimiao Chen - Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, GermanyKent Jason Go Cheng - Pennsylvania State UniversityGerald Chi - Harvard UniversityFatemeh Chichagi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesRitesh Chimoriya - Sydney Local Health DistrictJesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres - Universidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaAbdulaal Chitheer - Iraq Field Epidemiology Training Program (I-FETP), Ministry of Health, Baghdad, IraqBryan Chong - Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeChean Lin Chong - Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha HospitalYuen Yu Chong - Chinese University of Hong KongHitesh Chopra - Chitkara UniversitySonali Gajanan Choudhari - Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, IndiaDinh-Toi Chu - Vietnam National University, HanoiIsaac Sunday Chukwu - Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, NigeriaSheng-Chia Chung - Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UKMuhammad Chutiyami - School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaJoao Conde - University of LisbonAlexandru Corlateanu - Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and PharmacyMichael H Criqui - University of California San DiegoNatalia Cruz-Martins - Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e UniversitárioAlanna Gomes da Silva - School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, BrazilOmid Dadras - University of BergenSiyu Dai - Chinese University of Hong KongXiaochen Dai - University of Washington, SeattleGiovanni Damiani - University of MilanLalit Dandona - Public Health Foundation of IndiaRakhi Dandona - Public Health Foundation of IndiaSamuel D Darcho - Haramaya UniversityReza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani - Arak University of Medical SciencesSaswati Das - Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, IndiaNihar Ranjan Dash - University of SharjahKairat Davletov - Kazakh National Medical UniversityAklilu Tamire Debele - Haramaya UniversityShayom Debopadhaya - Medical College, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USADaniel Demant - School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaHardik Dineshbhai Desai - Department of Research, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences and G.K. General Hospital, Bhuj, IndiaDevananda Devegowda - JSS Academy of Higher Education and ResearchSyed Masudur Rahman Dewan - University of DhakaArkadeep Dhali - Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustAmol S Dhane - D.Y. Patil UniversityVishal R Dhulipala - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiThanh Chi Do - Pham Ngoc Thach University of MedicineMilad Dodangeh - Iran University of Medical SciencesPhidelia Theresa Doegah - University of Health and Allied SciencesSushil Dohare - Jazan UniversityDeepa Dongarwar - Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USAMario D'Oria - University of TriesteOjas Prakashbhai Doshi - Independent Consultant, South Plainfield, NJ, USARajkumar Prakashbhai Doshi - Department of Cardiology, Hackettstown Medical Center, Hackettstown, NJ, USARobert Kokou Dowou - University of Health and Allied SciencesAshel Chelsea Dsouza - Bangalore Medical College and Research InstituteHaneil Larson Dsouza - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationViola Savy Dsouza - Maastricht UniversityBruce B Duncan - University of Rio Grande and Rio Grande Community CollegeAndre Rodrigues Duraes - School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BrazilArkadiusz Marian Dziedzic - Medical University of SilesiaAbdel Rahman E'mar - Cleveland ClinicAlireza Ebrahimi - Massachusetts General HospitalNegar Ebrahimi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesMohammad Ebrahimi Kalan - University of Maryland, College ParkDavid Edvardsson - La Trobe UniversityKristina Edvardsson - La Trobe UniversityFerry Efendi - Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, IndonesiaDiyan Ermawan Effendi - Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), Jakarta, IndonesiaFoolad Eghbali - Iran University of Medical SciencesMichael Ekholuenetale - University of PortsmouthRabie Adel El Arab - Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi ArabiaIbrahim Farahat El Bayoumy - Tanta UniversityIman El Sayed - Alexandria UniversityIffat Elbarazi - United Arab Emirates UniversityMuhammed Elhadi - University of TripoliWaseem El-Huneidi - University of SharjahMohamed A Elmonem - Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative MedicineGihan ELNahas - Ain Shams UniversityIbrahim Elsohaby - City University of Hong KongChadi Eltaha - University of DallasMohd Elmagzoub Eltahir - Ajman UniversityMehdi Emamverdi - National Eye Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USATheophilus I Emeto - James Cook UniversityDaniel Asfaw Erku - Health Economics and Financing Practice Area, Management Sciences for Health, Arlington, VA, USAFarshid Etaee - University of New HavenElochukwu Fortune Ezenwankwo - Drexel UniversityNatalia Fabin - Independent Consultant, Bologna, ItalyAdeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe - University of IbadanOmotayo Francis Fagbule - University of IbadanShahriar Faghani - Tehran University of Medical SciencesAyesha Fahim - Riphah International UniversityIldar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev - Kazakh National Medical UniversityLuca Falzone - University of CataniaUmar Farooque - Department of Family Medicine, Luton & Dunstable University Hospital, Luton, UKAli Fatehizadeh - School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia (WA), AustraliaZareen Fatima - University of LahoreNelsensius Klau Fauk - Torrens University AustraliaTimur Fazylov - Kazakh National Medical UniversityAlireza Feizkhah - Guilan University of Medical SciencesGinenus Fekadu - City University of Hong KongXiaoqi Feng - School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaPietro Ferrara - University of MilanNuno Ferreira - University of NicosiaBikila Regassa Feyisa - Wollega UniversityFilippos T Filippidis - Imperial College LondonFlorian Fischer - Charité - Universitätsmedizin BerlinLuisa S Flor - University of Washington, SeattleNataliya A Foigt - National Academy of Medical Sciences of UkraineCelia Fortuna Rodrigues - Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy (i4HB), University of Porto, Porto, PortugalMatteo Foschi - Department of Neuroscience, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Ravenna, ItalySridevi G - All India Institute of Medical SciencesPeter Andras Gaal - Semmelweis UniversityMuktar A Gadanya - Bayero University KanoAbhay Motiramji Gaidhane - Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and ResearchMárió Gajdács - University of SzegedSilvano Gallus - Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological ResearchAravind P Gandhi - All India Institute of Medical SciencesBalasankar Ganesan - Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Churchill, VIC, AustraliaPrem Gautam - Professional Services Division, Texas State Board of Pharmacy, Austin, TX, USARupesh K Gautam - Department of Pharmacology, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Indore, IndiaMiglas Welay Gebregergis - Adigrat UniversityMesfin Gebrehiwot - Wollo UniversityTeferi Gebru Gebremeskel - Department of Reproductive and Family Health, Axum College of Health Science, Axum, EthiopiaLemma Getacher - Debre Berhan UniversityFataneh Ghadirian - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesRamy Mohamed Ghazy - Alexandria UniversityAli Gholamrezanezhad - Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USAMahsa Ghorbani - Mashhad University of Medical SciencesSherief Ghozy - Mayo ClinicArtyom Urievich Gil - Country Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Astana, KazakhstanGabriela Fernanda Gil - University of Washington, SeattleElena V Gnedovskaya - Research Center of NeurologySonu Goel - Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchSalime Goharinezhad - Iran University of Medical SciencesMohamad Goldust - University of New HavenMahaveer Golechha - Indian Institute of Public Health GandhinagarPouya Goleij - Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, IranDavide Golinelli - Link Campus UniversityGiuseppe Gorini - Florence (Netherlands)Mahdi Gouravani - Tehran University of Medical SciencesAyman Grada - Case Western Reserve UniversityMichal Grivna - United Arab Emirates UniversityShekhar Grover - Department of Preventive Oncology, Centre for Health Innovation and Policy (CHIP) Foundation, Noida, IndiaShi-Yang Guan - Anhui Medical UniversityMohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari - University of SulaimaniAvirup Guha - Case Western Reserve UniversityStefano Guicciardi - Health Directorate, Local Health Authority of Bologna, Bologna, ItalySnigdha Gulati - Cleveland ClinicDamitha Asanga Gunawardane - University of PeradeniyaSasidhar Gunturu - Department of Psychiatry, Bronxcare Health System, Bronx, NY, USAZhifeng Guo - Group Health Department, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, ChinaAnish Kumar Gupta - Max (Japan)Bhawna Gupta - Torrens University AustraliaIshita Gupta - Independent Consultant, Bharatpur, IndiaMohak Gupta - Houston MethodistRajeev Gupta - Department of Preventive Cardiology & Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, IndiaSapna Gupta - Shriram Institute for Industrial ResearchVeer Bala Gupta - School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, AustraliaVipin Gupta - University of DelhiVivek Kumar Gupta - Macquarie UniversityMostafa Hadei - Tehran University of Medical SciencesNajah R Hadi - University of KufaAli Hajj Ali - American University of BeirutEsam S Halboub - Jazan UniversityNadia M Hamdy - Ain Shams UniversitySamer Hamidi - Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart UniversityAhmad Hammoud - Bauman Moscow State Technical UniversityGraeme J Hankey - Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, AustraliaArief Hargono - Department of Epidemiology Population Biostatistics and Health Promotion, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, IndonesiaJosep Maria Haro - Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de DéuAhmed I Hasaballah - Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptFaizul Hasan - Taipei Medical UniversityMd Kamrul Hasan - McMaster UniversityMd Saquib Hasnain - Department of Pharmacy, Palamau Institute of Pharmacy, Daltonganj, IndiaAmr Hassan - Cairo UniversityIkrama Ibrahim Hassan - Public Health Department, Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, NigeriaShoaib Hassan - University of BergenSimon I Hay - University of Washington, SeattleBehzad Heibati - University of AlbertaMohammad Heidari - Shahrekord University of Medical SciencesMehdi Hemmati - 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The National Centre for Remote and Rural Health and Care, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, ScotlandOlayinka Stephen Ilesanmi - West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, NigeriaIrena M Ilic - University of BelgradeMilena D Ilic - University of KragujevacMustapha Immurana - University of Health and Allied SciencesLeeberk Raja Inbaraj - Department of Health Research, ICMR National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, IndiaMuhammad Iqhrammullah - Universitas Muhammadiyah AcehLalu Muhammad Irham - Universitas Ahmad DahlanMd Rabiul Islam - BRAC UniversitySheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam - Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, AustraliaFarhad Islami - Department of Surveillance and Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USAGaetano Isola - University of CataniaRamaiah Itumalla - School of Management, The Apollo University, Chittoor, IndiaMasao Iwagami - University of TsukubaMahalaxmi Iyer - Central University of PunjabVinothini J - All India Institute of Medical SciencesJalil Jaafari - Guilan University of Medical SciencesLouis Jacob - Université Paris CitéAbdollah Jafarzadeh - Kerman University of Medical SciencesKhushleen Jaggi - San Mateo Medical CenterNader Jahanmehr - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesAkhil Jain - Department of Leukemia, The University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USANityanand Jain - Riga Stradiņš UniversityAmmar Abdulrahman Jairoun - Department of Health and Safety, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSanobar Jaka - Department of Population Health, New York University, New York, NY, USAMihajlo Jakovljevic - The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO, Trieste, ItalyReza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh - Islamic Azad University, TehranElham Jamshidi - Johns Hopkins UniversityManthan Dilipkumar Janodia - IIHMR UniversityTalha Jawaid - Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic UniversitySathish Kumar Jayapal - Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, OmanShubha Jayaram - Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, IndiaRuwan Duminda Jayasinghe - University of PeradeniyaRime Jebai - University of MiamiSun Ha Jee - Yonsei UniversityBijay Mukesh Jeswani - Department of Internal Medicine, GCS Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, IndiaHeng Jiang - La Trobe UniversityMohammad Jokar - University of CalgaryJost B Jonas - Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology BaselTamas Joo - Semmelweis UniversityNitin Joseph - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationCharity Ehimwenma Joshua - National Open UniversityJacek Jerzy Jozwiak - Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, PolandMikk Jürisson - University of TartuVaishali K - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationAli Kabir - Iran University of Medical SciencesZubair Kabir - University College CorkVidya Kadashetti - Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, IndiaSivesh Kathir Kamarajah - University of BirminghamMona Kanaan - Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UKKehinde Kazeem Kanmodi - University of PuthisastraSurya Kant - King George's Medical UniversityRami S Kantar - NYU Langone HealthPaschalis Karakasis - Aristotle University of ThessalonikiIbraheem M Karaye - Hofstra UniversitySalah Eddin Karimi - Tabriz University of Medical SciencesYeganeh Karimi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesArman Karimi Behnagh - Iran University of Medical SciencesSamad Karkhah - Guilan University of Medical SciencesPrabin Karki - Tribhuvan UniversityFaizan Zaffar Kashoo - Majmaah UniversitySrinivasa Vittal Katikireddi - University of GlasgowHarkiran Kaur - Public Health Foundation of IndiaNavjot Kaur - Department of ENT, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Mohali, IndiaSina Kazemian - Tehran University of Medical SciencesTahseen Haider Kazmi - Community Medicine Department, Central Park Medical College, Lahore, PakistanPeter Njenga Keiyoro - University of NairobiEmmanuelle Kesse-Guyot - Department of Human Nutrition, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Jouy-en-Josas, FranceYousef Saleh Khader - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyHimanshu Khajuria - Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, IndiaAmirmohammad Khalaji - Tehran University of Medical SciencesAlireza Khalilian - Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesAjmal Khan - University of NizwaMaseer Khan - Jazan UniversityMohammad Jobair Khan - Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityMoien AB Khan - United Arab Emirates UniversityShaghayegh Khanmohammadi - Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, IranKhaled Khatab - Sheffield Hallam UniversityHaitham Khatatbeh - Yarmouk UniversityMoawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh - Yarmouk UniversityAmir M Khater - Cairo UniversityKhalid A Kheirallah - Jordan University of Science and TechnologyManoj Khokhar - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurMoein Khormali - Tehran University of Medical SciencesAtulya Aman Khosla - Department of Internal Medicine, Corewell Health East William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USASepehr Khosravi - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, IranKwanghyun Kim - Yonsei UniversityMin Seo Kim - Broad InstituteYun Jin Kim - Xiamen University MalaysiaAdnan Kisa - School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, NorwayAli-Asghar Kolahi - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesSomayeh Komaki - Hamedan University of Medical SciencesShivakumar KM Marulasiddaiah Kondlahalli - Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, IndiaMiikka Korja - Helsinki University HospitalOleksii Korzh - Kharkiv National Medical UniversitySoewarta Kosen - Independent Consultant, Jakarta, IndonesiaKarel Kostev - Department of Epidemiology, IQVIA, Frankfurt am Main, GermanyKewal Krishan - Panjab UniversityBarthelemy Kuate Defo - Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, CanadaMohammed Kuddus - University of Ha'ilOmar Kujan - Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, AustraliaMukhtar Kulimbet - Kazakh National Medical UniversityAshish Kumar - Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cabrini Institute, Rochester, MN, USAG Anil Kumar - Public Health Foundation of IndiaNithin Kumar - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationRakesh Kumar - University of Ha'ilVijay Kumar - Geospatial Information Science and Engineering Hub, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, IndiaAmartya Kundu - University of KentuckySatyajit Kundu - Griffith UniversitySetor K Kunutsor - University of ManitobaOm P Kurmi - Coventry UniversityDian Kusuma - Department of Health Services Research and Management, City University of London, London, UKFrank Kyei-Arthur - University of Environment and Sustainable DevelopmentVille Kytö - Turku University HospitalCarlo La Vecchia - University of MilanChandrakant Lahariya - Integrated Department of Epidemiology, Health Policy, Preventive Medicine and Pediatrics, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, IndiaDaphne Teck Ching Lai - Universiti Brunei DarussalamHanpeng Lai - Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, ChinaRatilal Lalloo - School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaTea Lallukka - University of HelsinkiBagher Larijani - Tehran University of Medical SciencesSavita Lasrado - Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, IndiaJerrald Lau - Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporePaolo Lauriola - International Society Doctors for the Environment, Arezzo, ItalyThao Thi Thu Le - VietnamJanet L Leasher - University of Fort LauderdaleMunjae Lee - Ajou UniversitySeung Won Lee - Sungkyunkwan UniversityWei-Chen Lee - Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USAYo Han Lee - University of SeoulElvynna Leong - Universiti Brunei DarussalamTemesgen Leka Lerango - Dilla UniversityAn Li - University of GroningenWei Li - University of New HavenVirendra S Ligade - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationStephen S Lim - University of Washington, SeattleJialing Lin - International Centre for Future Health Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaPaulina A Lindstedt - University of Washington, SeattleGang Liu - School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaErand Llanaj - German Institute of Human NutritionJosé Francisco López-Gil - One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, EcuadorPaulo A Lotufo - Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilGiancarlo Lucchetti - School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, BrazilAlessandra Lugo - Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological ResearchJay B Lusk - Duke UniversityHawraz Ibrahim M Amin - Salahaddin University-ErbilZheng Feei Ma - University of the West of EnglandMonika Machoy - Pomeranian Medical UniversityFarzan Madadizadeh - Yazd UniversityElham Mahmoudi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesAbdelrahman M Makram - Imperial College LondonOmar M Makram - Augusta UniversityKashish Malhotra - Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaAhmad Azam Malik - King Abdulaziz UniversityDeborah Carvalho Malta - Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, BrazilAbdullah A Mamun - Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaPejman Mansouri - Tehran University of Medical SciencesMohammad Ali Mansournia - Tehran University of Medical SciencesEmmanuel Manu - University of Health and Allied SciencesHamid Reza Marateb - Universitat Politècnica de CatalunyaJose Martinez-Raga - Hospital Universitario Doctor PesetMiquel Martorell - University of ConcepciónRoy Rillera Marzo - Curtin University SarawakYasith Mathangasinghe - Monash UniversityElezebeth Mathews - Central University of KeralaMedha Mathur - Community Medicine, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, IndiaNavgeet Mathur - Department of General Medicine, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, IndiaRita Mattiello - University of Rio Grande and Rio Grande Community CollegeAndrea Maugeri - University of CataniaMartin McKee - London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineEnkeleint A Mechili - University of Vlora "Ismail Qemali"Ravi Mehrotra - Centre for Health Innovation and Policy, Noida, IndiaTesfahun Mekene Meto - Arba Minch UniversityBirye Dessalegn Mekonnen - School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaHadush Negash Meles - Adigrat UniversityWalter Mendoza - Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, PeruRitesh G Menezes - Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversitySultan Ayoub Meo - King Saud UniversityAtte Meretoja - Helsinki University HospitalTuomo J Meretoja - Helsinki University HospitalTomislav Mestrovic - University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, CroatiaCaine C A Meyers - Icelandic Centre for Social Research and Analysis, Reykjavik, IcelandIrmina Maria Michalek - The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of OncologyTed R Miller - Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USAGiuseppe Minervini - Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, ItalyMojgan Mirghafourvand - Tabriz University of Medical SciencesErkin M Mirrakhimov - Kyrgyz State Medical AcademyVinaytosh Mishra - Gulf Medical UniversitySanjeev Misra - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurPrasanna Mithra - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationAhmed Ismail Mohamed - University of HargeisaJama Mohamed - University of HargeisaMouhand F H Mohamed - University of ProvidenceNouh Saad Mohamed - SiriusAmeen Mosa Mohammad - University of DuhokSakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi - Tabriz University of Medical SciencesIbrahim Mohammadzadeh - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesHussen Mohammed - Dire Dawa UniversityShafiu Mohammed - Ahmadu Bello UniversitySyam Mohan - Jazan UniversityAli H Mokdad - University of Washington, SeattleHossein Molavi Vardanjani - Shiraz University of Medical SciencesSabrina Molinaro - Istituto di Fisiologia ClinicaShaher Momani - University of JordanHimel Mondal - All India Institute of Medical Sciences, DeogharUte Mons - University Hospital CologneAmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf - Birjand University of Medical SciencesMaryam Moradi - Iran University of Medical SciencesRafael Silveira Moreira - Department of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, BrazilNegar Morovatdar - Mashhad University of Medical SciencesShane Douglas Morrison - University of Washington Medical CenterVincent Mougin - University of Washington, SeattleGeorge Duke Mukoro - Ahmadu Bello University Teaching HospitalFrancesk Mulita - General University Hospital of PatrasErin C Mullany - University of Washington, SeattleMalaisamy Muniyandi - Department of Health Economics, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, IndiaYanjinlkham Munkhsaikhan - The University of TokyoEfren Murillo-Zamora - Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, MexicoChristopher J L Murray - University of Washington, SeattleWoojae Myung - Seoul National UniversityPirouz Naghavi - University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignGanesh R Naik - Flinders UniversitySoroush Najdaghi - Isfahan University of Medical SciencesHastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen - Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Cihan University Sulaymaniya, Sulaymaniyah, IraqLuigi Naldi - Department of Dermatology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, ItalyGopal Nambi - Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz UniversityVinay Nangia - Suraj Eye InstituteJobert Richie Nansseu - Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics, and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, CameroonShumaila Nargus - University of LahoreGustavo G Nascimento - Duke-NUS Medical SchoolAbdulqadir J Nashwan - Hamad Medical CorporationZuhair S Natto - King Abdulaziz UniversityJavaid Nauman - United Arab Emirates UniversityMuhammad Naveed - University of Central PunjabNawsherwan - Xiamen UniversityBiswa Prakash Nayak - Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, IndiaVinod C Nayak - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationAthare Nazri-Panjaki - Zahedan University of Medical SciencesSabina Onyinye Nduaguba - West Virginia UniversityRuxandra Irina Negoi - Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacyReza Nejad Shahrokh Abadi - Mashhad University of Medical SciencesSeyed Aria Nejadghaderi - Kerman University of Medical SciencesChakib Nejjari - Faculty (United Kingdom)Subas Neupane - University of TampereMarie Ng - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeJosephine W Ngunjiri - University of EmbuDuc Hoang Nguyen - Cardiovascular laboratory, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, Merrillville, IN, USAHau Thi Hien Nguyen - Duy Tan UniversityHien Quang Nguyen - Cardiovascular Research Department, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IL, USAPhat Tuan Nguyen - VietnamPhuong The Nguyen - Hitotsubashi UniversityVan Thanh Nguyen - VietnamYeshambel T Nigatu - Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthTaxiarchis Konstantinos Nikolouzakis - University Hospital of HeraklionAli Nikoobar - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesNasrin Nikravangolsefid - Mayo ClinicVikram Niranjan - Department of Public Health, HSE Ireland, Dublin, IrelandChukwudi A Nnaji - University of Cape TownLawrence Achilles Nnyanzi - Teesside UniversityEfaq Ali Noman - The University of SydneyShuhei Nomura - Keio UniversitySyed Toukir Ahmed Noor - International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchMamoona Noreen - The Women University MultanMajid Nozari - Bam University of Medical SciencesFred Nugen - Mayo ClinicChimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam - Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, NigeriaOgochukwu Janet Nzoputam - Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, NigeriaBogdan Oancea - University of BucharestKehinde O Obamiro - James Cook UniversityIsmail A Odetokun - University of IlorinDaniel Bogale Odo Odo - Department of Public Health, Arsi University, Asella, EthiopiaOluwakemi Ololade Odukoya - University of LagosMichael Safo Oduro - PSSM Data Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USAJames Odhiambo Oguta - University of SheffieldIn-Hwan Oh - Kyung Hee UniversityHassan Okati-Aliabad - Zahedan University of Medical SciencesSylvester Reuben Okeke - Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaAkinkunmi Paul Okekunle - Seoul National UniversityOsaretin Christabel Okonji - University of the Western CapeAndrew T Olagunju - McMaster UniversityOmotola O Olasupo - McMaster UniversityMatthew Idowu Olatubi - Bowen UniversityGláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira - Cardiology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilAbdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba - Ahmadu Bello UniversityGoran Latif Omer - University of SulaimaniSok King Ong - Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri Begawan, BruneiAbdulahi Opejin Opejin - East Carolina UniversityMichal Ordak - Medical University of WarsawVerner N Orish - University of Health and Allied SciencesEsteban Ortiz-Prado - One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Americas (University of the Americas), Quito, EcuadorUchechukwu Levi Osuagwu - Western Sydney UniversityStanislav S Otstavnov - Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (Russia, Dolgoprudny) - MIPTAmel Ouyahia - University Ferhat Abbas of SetifMahesh Padukudru P A - JSS Academy of Higher Education and ResearchAlicia Padron-Monedero - National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, SpainJagadish Rao Padubidri - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationAnton Pak - Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaRaul Felipe Palma-Alvarez - Hebron UniversityHai-Feng Pan - Anhui Medical UniversityDemosthenes Panagiotakos - Harokopio University of AthensSonghomitra Panda-Jonas - Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, GermanyAnamika Pandey - Public Health Foundation of IndiaLeonidas D Panos - University of BernIoannis Pantazopoulos - University of ThessalyAnca Pantea Stoian - Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacyParaskevi Papadopoulou - Department of Science and Mathematics, Deree-The American College of Greece, Athens, GreeceShahina Pardhan - Anglia Ruskin UniversityPragyan Paramita Parija - All India Institute of Medical SciencesRomil R Parikh - University of MinnesotaEun-Kee Park - Kosin UniversitySeoyeon Park - Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USANicholas Parsons - Monash UniversityRoberto Passera - Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, ItalyJay Patel - Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKSangram Kishor Patel - Population Council InstituteShankargouda Patil - Roseman University of Health SciencesHridoy Patwary - International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchShrikant Pawar - University of New HavenPrince Peprah - Macquarie UniversityGavin Pereira - Curtin UniversityArokiasamy Perianayagam - Qatar UniversityRichard G Pestell - Baruch S. Blumberg InstituteFanny Emily Petermann-Rocha - MedicinaTom Pham - University of Washington, SeattleAnil K Philip - University of NizwaMichael R Phillips - Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityDimitri Poddighe - Nazarbayev UniversityRoman V Polibin - Evidence (Italy)Ramesh Poluru - International Clinical Epidemiology NetworkFabio Porru - Erasmus MCAkram Pourshams - Tehran University of Medical SciencesJalandhar Pradhan - National Institute of Technology RourkelaPranil Man Singh Pradhan - Tribhuvan UniversityManya Prasad - Institute of Liver and Biliary SciencesAkila Prashant - JSS Academy of Higher Education and ResearchElton Junio Sady Prates - Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, BrazilDimas Ria Angga Pribadi - Muhammadiyah University of SurakartaBharathi M Purohit - All India Institute of Medical SciencesJagadeesh Puvvula - University of PennsylvaniaIbrahim Qattea - Case Western Reserve UniversityVenkatraman Radhakrishnan - Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), Chennai, IndiaCatalina Raggi - University of Washington, SeattlePankaja Raghav - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurFakher Rahim - Department of Medical Laboratory Technologies, Alnoor University, Mousl, IraqAfarin Rahimi-Movaghar - Tehran University of Medical SciencesMd Mosfequr Rahman - University of RajshahiMosiur Rahman - University of RajshahiMuhammad Aziz Rahman - Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, AustraliaShayan Rahmani - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesMohammad Rahmanian - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesNazanin Rahmanian - Guilan University of Medical SciencesVinoth Rajendran - All India Institute of Medical SciencesPushp Lata Rajpoot - Jazan UniversityPrashant Rajput - Centre for Chronic Disease ControlPradhum Ram - Emory UniversityMahmoud Mohammed Ramadan - University of SharjahMajed Ramadan - King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health SciencesKritika Rana - Western Sydney UniversityRishabh Kumar Rana - Department of Community Medicine, Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College and Hospital, Dhanbad, IndiaChhabi Lal Ranabhat - Product Innovation and Engineering (United States) (United States, Saint James) - LLCSowmya J Rao - Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, IndiaSina Rashedi - Brigham and Women's HospitalAhmed Mustafa Rashid - Jinnah Sindh Medical UniversityMohammad-Mahdi Rashidi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesAshkan Rasouli-Saravani - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesDevarajan Rathish - Rajarata University of Sri LankaSantosh Kumar Rauniyar - The University of TokyoIlari Rautalin - Helsinki University HospitalNakul Ravikumar - University of ChicagoSalman Rawaf - Imperial College LondonMurali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationElrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan - King Abdulaziz UniversityNegar Rezaei - Tehran University of Medical SciencesMohsen Rezaeian - Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesAbanoub Riad - Masaryk UniversityMonica Rodrigues - University of CoimbraThales Philipe R Rodrigues da Silva - Department of Nursing in Women's Health, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilJefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez - Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, ColombiaLeonardo Roever - Department of Clinical Research, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, BrazilKevin T Root - College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USAGholamreza Roshandel - Golestan University of Medical SciencesAllen Guy Ross - Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, AustraliaHimanshu Sekhar Rout - Utkal UniversityBedanta Roy - Quest International University PerakNitai Roy - Patuakhali Science and Technology UniversitySimanta Roy - University of MiamiGuilherme de Andrade Ruela - Advanced Campus Governador Valadares, Juiz de For a Federal University, Governador Valadares, BrazilChandan S N - JSS Academy of Higher Education and ResearchCameron John Sabet - Georgetown UniversitySiamak Sabour - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesKabir P Sadarangani - Universidad Diego PortalesBasema Ahmad Saddik - University of SharjahMasoumeh Sadeghi - Isfahan University of Medical SciencesMohammad Reza Saeb - University of GdańskUmar Saeed - Foundation University IslamabadPooya Saeedi - Mashhad University of Medical SciencesSher Zaman Safi - Mahsa UniversityDominic Sagoe - University of BergenFatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari - University of SharjahAmirhossein Sahebkar - Saveetha UniversitySoumya Swaroop Sahoo - All India Institute of Medical SciencesMd Refat Uz Zaman Sajib - University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignMirza Rizwan Sajid - University of GujratLuciane B Salaroli - Department of Integrated Health Education, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, BrazilMohamed A Saleh - University of SharjahMohammed Z Y Salem - Technology Management Department, University College of Applied Sciences, Gaza, PalestineDauda Salihu - Australian College of NursingYoseph Leonardo Samodra - National Taiwan UniversityAbdallah M Samy - Ain Shams UniversityJuan Sanabria - Marshall UniversityMilena M Santric-Milicevic - University of BelgradeBruno Piassi Sao Jose - Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, BrazilMuhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib - Pakistan Health Research CouncilMade Ary Sarasmita - Udayana UniversityAswini Saravanan - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurBabak Saravi - University of FreiburgYaser Sarikhani - Jahrom University of Medical SciencesTanmay Sarkar - West Bengal State Council of Technical EducationGargi Sachin Sarode - Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, PuneSachin C Sarode - Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, PuneBenn Sartorius - Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaBrijesh Sathian - Hamad Medical CorporationAnudeep Sathyanarayan - Bangalore Medical College and Research InstituteMaheswar Satpathy - Utkal UniversityMonika Sawhney - University of North Carolina at CharlotteMete Saylan - Psychiatry Clinic, Holy Savior Armenian Hospital, Istanbul, TurkiyeBenedikt Michael Schaarschmidt - Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, GermanyMichael P Schaub - University of ZurichMarkus P Schlaich - Dobney Hypertension Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, AustraliaMaria Inês Schmidt - University of Rio Grande and Rio Grande Community CollegeArt Schuermans - Massachusetts General HospitalAustin E Schumacher - University of Washington, SeattleSiddharthan Selvaraj - Department of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaMohammad H Semreen - University of SharjahSubramanian Senthilkumaran - EMERGENCYSadaf G Sepanlou - Tehran University of Medical SciencesYashendra Sethi - Department of Medicine and Surgery, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, IndiaSeyed Arsalan Seyedi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesAllen Seylani - National Heart Lung and Blood InstituteMahan Shafie - Tehran University of Medical SciencesArman Shafiee - Alborz University of Medical SciencesAtaollah Shahbandi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesSamiah Shahid - University of LahoreHamid R Shahsavari - Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic SciencesMoyad Jamal Shahwan - Ajman UniversityAhmed Shaikh - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiMasood Ali Shaikh - Independent Consultant, Karachi, PakistanAli S Shalash - Ain Shams UniversityMuhammad Aaqib Shamim - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurAnas Shamsi - Ajman UniversityAlfiya Shamsutdinova - Kazakh National Medical UniversityMohd Shanawaz - Jazan UniversityAbhishek Shankar - All India Institute of Medical SciencesMohammed Shannawaz - Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, IndiaMedha Sharath - Bangalore Medical College and Research InstituteAmin Sharifan - Evidence (Italy)Manoj Sharma - University of Nevada, Las VegasUjjawal Sharma - Central University of PunjabVishal Sharma - Panjab UniversityAziz Sheikh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKAli Sheikhy - Tehran University of Medical SciencesMahabalesh Shetty - Nitte UniversityPavanchand H Shetty - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationPremalatha K Shetty - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationDesalegn Shiferaw - Dambi Dollo UniversityTariku Shimels - Millennium Engineering and Integration (United States)Rahman Shiri - Finnish Institute of Occupational HealthAminu Shittu - Usmanu Danfodiyo UniversityIvy Shiue - University of OuluVelizar Shivarov - Medical University PlevenSeyed Afshin Shorofi - Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesSunil Shrestha - Kathmandu Cancer CenterEmmanuel Edwar Siddig - University of KhartoumJoão Pedro Silva - Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, PortugalAbhinav Singh - All India Institute of Medical Sciences BhopalBaljinder Singh - Central University of PunjabHarmanjit Singh - Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, IndiaJasvinder A Singh - Baylor College of MedicineParamdeep Singh - All India Institute of Medical SciencesPuneetpal Singh - Punjabi UniversitySurjit Singh - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurVirendra Singh - Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Mahaveer Jaipuria Rajasthan Hospital, Jaipur, IndiaFreddy Sitas - Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (CPHCE), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaAmanda E Smith - University of Washington, SeattleMatiwos Soboka - Jimma UniversityRanjan Solanki - Touro CollegeMarco Solmi - University of OttawaSoroush Soraneh - Urmia University of Medical SciencesJoan B Soriano - Hospital Universitario de La PrincesaIreneous N Soyiri - University of HullMichael Spartalis - National and Kapodistrian University of AthensChandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy - University of Kuala LumpurPanagiotis Stachteas - Aristotle University of ThessalonikiDan J Stein - University of Cape TownPaschalis Steiropoulos - Democritus University of ThraceAleksandar Stevanović - University of BelgradeKurt Straif - Boston CollegeMuhammad Suleman - University of SwatGerhard Sulo - Norwegian Institute of Public HealthZhong Sun - Universiti Putra MalaysiaVinay Suresh - King George's Medical UniversityChandan Kumar Swain - Utkal UniversityLukasz Szarpak - Baylor College of MedicineSree Sudha T Y - All India Institute of Medical Sciences, DeogharPayam Tabaee Damavandi - Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), Lugano, SwitzerlandOzra Tabatabaei Malazy - Tehran University of Medical SciencesSeyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh - Islamic Azad University, MashhadCeline Tabche - Imperial College LondonJyothi Tadakamadla - La Trobe UniversitySantosh Kumar Tadakamadla - Griffith UniversityJabeen Taiba - University of Nebraska Medical CenterIman M Talaat - University of SharjahAshis Talukder - National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, AustraliaMircea Tampa - Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacyJacques Lukenze JL Tamuzi - University of Cape TownKer-Kan Tan - Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeMinale Tareke - Bahir Dar UniversityIngan Ukur Tarigan - National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, IndonesiaMojtaba Teimoori - Sabzevar University of Medical SciencesMohamad-Hani Temsah - King Saud UniversityReem Mohamad Hani Temsah - Alfaisal UniversityMasayuki Teramoto - University of California, San FranciscoDufera Rikitu Terefa - Wollega UniversityPugazhenthan Thangaraju - All India Institute of Medical Sciences RaipurKavumpurathu Raman Thankappan - Public Health Department, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, IndiaRekha Thapar - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationRasiah Thayakaran - University of BirminghamNikhil Kenny Thomas - Department of Gastroenterology, St. Luke's Hospital, Patanamthitta, IndiaJansje Henny Vera Ticoalu - Faculty of Public HealthKrishna Tiwari - All India Institute of Medical Sciences JodhpurRoman Topor-Madry - Jagiellonian UniversityMarcos Roberto Tovani-Palone - Saveetha UniversityKhaled Trabelsi - University of SfaxAn Thien Tran - Pham Ngoc Thach University of MedicineNgoc Ha Tran - School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaThang Huu Tran - VietnamNguyen Tran Minh Duc - Shiga University of Medical ScienceIndang Trihandini - University of IndonesiaJaya Prasad Tripathy - All India Institute of Medical SciencesThien Tan Tri Tai Truyen - Can Tho UniversityEvangelia Eirini Tsermpini - Dalhousie UniversityAbdul Rohim Tualeka - Department of Occupational Health and Safety, University of Development, Surabaya, IndonesiaAniefiok John Udoakang - University of Medical Sciences, OndoArit Udoh - University of ExeterAtta Ullah - University of NizwaSaeed Ullah - University of KarachiMuhammad Umair - King Abdullah International Medical Research CenterBrigid Unim - Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, National Institute of Health, Rome, ItalyBhaskaran Unnikrishnan - Kasturba Medical College, MangaloreJibrin Sammani Usman - Bayero University KanoSanaz Vahdati - Mayo ClinicAsokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan - University of BahrainJef Van den Eynde - Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumConstantine Vardavas - University of CreteTommi Juhani Vasankari - UKK Institute, Tampere, FinlandSiavash Vaziri - Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesBalachandar Vellingiri - Central University of PunjabNarayanaswamy Venketasubramanian - Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, SingaporeMadhur Verma - All India Institute of Medical SciencesPaul J Villeneuve - Carleton UniversityManish Vinayak - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiFrancesco S Violante - 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Zhejiang UniversitySuowen Xu - Department of Endocrinology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, ChinaMukesh Kumar Yadav - Central University of PunjabKazumasa Yamagishi - Juntendo UniversityDanting Yang - Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USALin Yang - Alberta Health ServicesYuichiro Yano - Juntendo UniversityAmir Yarahmadi - Shiraz University of Medical SciencesRenjulal Yesodharan - Manipal Academy of Higher EducationSaber Yezli - Biostatics, Epidemiology, and Science Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaXinglin Yi - Department of Respiratory Medicine, Military Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaArzu Yiğit - Department of Health Management, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel University), Isparta, TurkiyeDehui Yin - Department of Epidemiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, ChinaDong Keon Yon - Kyung Hee UniversityNaohiro Yonemoto - University of ToyamaSeok-Jun Yoon - University of SeoulChuanhua Yu - Wuhan UniversityChun-Wei Yuan - University of Washington, SeattleFathiah Zakham - Hodeidah UniversityMohammed G M Zeariya - University of Ha'ilHaijun Zhang - Peking UniversityJianrong Zhang - The University of MelbourneLiqun Zhang - Liaoning Cancer Hospital & InstituteClaire Chenwen Zhong - Chinese University of Hong KongShang Cheng Zhou - Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityBin Zhu - School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, ChinaMagdalena Zielińska - Medical University of WarsawGhazal Zoghi - Hormozgan University of Medical SciencesSa'ed H Zyoud - An-Najah National UniversityStein Emil Vollset - University of Washington, SeattleEmmanuela Gakidou - University of Washington, SeattleGBD 2021 Tobacco Forecasting Collaborators
- Publication Details
- The Lancet. Public health, Vol.9(10), pp.e729-e744
- Publisher
- Elsevier Ltd
- Identifiers
- 991005707261907891
- Copyright
- © 2024 The Author(s).
- Murdoch Affiliation
- Murdoch Business School; Centre for Healthy Ageing; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article
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