Each year, over 4.9 trillion kg of plastic waste are generated worldwide, yet only 9 % of this waste is recycled at present. In this study, we review cutting-edge valorization techniques across chemical, thermal, and biological platforms. Recent breakthroughs in advanced depolymerization, biocatalytic degradation, and hybrid catalytic systems are assessed for their efficiency, selectivity, and readiness for implementation. Additionally, we explore new applications, including the conversion of plastic into high-value monomers, liquid fuels, 3D-printing filaments, and sustainable construction materials, while evaluating the economic viability, energy consumption, and policy frameworks essential for large-scale deployment. We propose a strategy for integrating valorization technology into circular economy models by incorporating lifecycle assessment metrics. This roadmap underscores key research goals aimed at overcoming adoption barriers and maximizing environmental advantages.
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From waste to value: A review of emerging plastic valorization technologies