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Journal article
Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
The Lancet (British edition), Vol.396(10258), pp.1223-1249
2020
PMID: 33069327
Abstract
Background
Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease.
Methods
GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden.
Findings
The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·51–12·1) deaths (19·2% [16·9–21·3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12–9·31) deaths (15·4% [14·6–16·2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253–350) DALYs (11·6% [10·3–13·1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0–9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10–24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25–49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50–74 years and 75 years and older.
Interpretation
Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public.
Details
- Title
- Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- Authors/Creators
- Christopher J. L. Murray - University of WashingtonAleksandr Y. Aravkin - University of WashingtonPeng Zheng - University of WashingtonCristiana Abbafati - Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Jurid & Econ Studies, Rome, ItalyKaja M. Abbas - Supreme Council Of HealthMohsen Abbasi-Kangevari - Shahid Beheshti UniversityFoad Abd-Allah - Cairo UniversityAhmed Abdelalim - Cairo UniversityMohammad Abdollahi - University of TehranIbrahim Abdollahpour - College Station Medical CenterKedir Hussein Abegaz - Near East UniversityHassan Abolhassani - University of TehranVictor Aboyans - Dupuytren Univ Hosp, Dept Cardiol, Limoges, FranceLucas Guimaraes Abreu - Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Pediat Dent, Belo Horizonte, MG, BrazilMichael R. M. Abrigo - Philippine Inst Dev Studies, Dept Res, Quezon City, PhilippinesAhmed Abualhasan - Cairo UniversityLaith Jamal Abu-Raddad - College Station Medical CenterAbdelrahman I. Abushouk - Harvard UniversityMaryam Adabi - College Station Medical CenterVictor Adekanmbi - Cardiff UniversityAbiodun Moshood Adeoye - Supreme Council Of HealthOlatunji O. Adetokunboh - Stellenbosch UniversityDavoud Adham - Supreme Council Of HealthShailesh M. Advani - NIH, Social Behav Res Branch, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USAGina Agarwal - McMaster UniversitySeyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir - University of TehranAnurag Agrawal - CSIR, Inst Genom & Integrat Biol, Delhi, IndiaTauseef Ahmad - Southeast Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Hlth Stat, Nanjing, Peoples R ChinaKeivan Ahmadi - University of NottinghamMehdi Ahmadi - College Station Medical CenterHamid Ahmadieh - Shahid Beheshti UniversityMuktar Beshir Ahmed - Jimma UniversityTemesgen Yihunie Akalu - University of GondarRufus Olusola Akinyemi - University of IbadanTomi Akinyemiju - Duke UniversityBlessing Akombi - Univ New South Wales, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaChisom Joyqueenet Akunna - Intercountry Ctr Oral Hlth ICOH Africa, Dept Publ Hlth, Jos, NigeriaFares Alahdab - College Station Medical CenterZiyad Al-Aly - College Station Medical CenterKhurshid Alam - Murdoch Univ, Murdoch Business Sch, Perth, WA, AustraliaSamiah Alam - Dalhousie UniversityTahiya Alam - University of WashingtonFahad Mashhour Alanezi - Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityTurki M. Alanzi - Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityBiresaw Wassihun Alemu - Arba Minch UniversityKhalid F. Alhabib - King Saud UniversityMuhammad Ali - Quaid-i-Azam UniversitySaqib Ali - Sultan Qaboos UniversityGianfranco Alicandro - Italian Natl Inst Stat, Directorate Social Stat & Populat Census, Rome, ItalyCyrus Alinia - Urmia UniversityVahid Alipour - College Station Medical CenterHesam Alizade - University of HormozganSyed Mohamed Aljunid - Kuwait UniversityFrancois Alla - Université de BordeauxPeter Allebeck - Karolinska InstitutetAmir Almasi-Hashiani - Arak UniversityHesham M. Al-Mekhlafi - Jazan UniversityJordi Alonso - Universitat Pompeu FabraKhalid A. Altirkawi - King Saud UniversityMostafa Amini-Rarani - College Station Medical CenterFatemeh Amiri - College Station Medical CenterDickson A. Amugsi - African Populat & Hlth Res Ctr, Maternal & Child Wellbeing, Nairobi, KenyaRobert Ancuceanu - College Station Medical CenterDeanna Anderlini - Univ Queensland, Ctr Sensorimotor Performance, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaJason A. Anderson - University of WashingtonCatalina Liliana Andrei - College Station Medical CenterTudorel Andrei - Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, RomaniaColin Angus - University of SheffieldMina Anjomshoa - College Station Medical CenterFereshteh Ansari - Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Res Ctr Evidence Based Med, Tabriz, IranAlireza Ansari-Moghaddam - Biostat (United States)Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo - University of Milano-BicoccaCarl Abelardo T. Antonio - University of the Philippines ManilaCatherine M. Antony - University of WashingtonErnoiz Antriyandarti - Sebelas Maret UniversityDavood Anvari - College Station Medical CenterRazique Anwer - Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic Univ, Dept Pathol, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSeth Christopher Yaw Appiah - Kwame Nkrumah UniversityJalal Arabloo - College Station Medical CenterMorteza Arab-Zozani - College Station Medical CenterFilippo Ariani - Florence (Netherlands)Bahram Armoon - College Station Medical CenterJohan Arnlov - Karolinska InstitutetAfsaneh Arzani - Supreme Council Of HealthMehran Asadi-Aliabadi - College Station Medical CenterAli A. Asadi-Pooya - Shiraz UniversityCharlie Ashbaugh - University of WashingtonMichael Assmus - University of WashingtonZahra Atafar - College Station Medical CenterDesta Debalkie Atnafu - Bahir Dar UniversityMaha Moh'd Wahbi Atout - Philadelphia Univ, Fac Nursing, Amman, JordanFloriane Ausloos - University of LiègeMarcel Ausloos - Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, RomaniaBeatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla - La Trobe UniversityGetinet Ayano - Curtin UniversityMartin Amogre Ayanore - Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dept Hlth Policy Planning & Management, Ho, GhanaSamad Azari - College Station Medical CenterGhasem Azarian - College Station Medical CenterZelalem Nigussie Azene - University of GondarAlaa Badawi - Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Publ Hlth Risk Sci Div, Toronto, ON, CanadaAshish D. Badiye - Govt Inst Forens Sci, Dept Forens Sci, Nagpur, Maharashtra, IndiaMohammad Amin Bahrami - Shiraz UniversityMohammad Hossein Bakhshaei - College Station Medical CenterAhad Bakhtiari - University of TehranShankar M. Bakkannavar - College Station Medical CenterAlberto Baldasseroni - Florence (Netherlands)Kylie Ball - Deakin Univ, Inst Phys Act & Nutr, Burwood, Vic, AustraliaShoshana H. Ballew - Johns Hopkins UniversityDaniela Balzi - Florence (Netherlands)Maciej Banach - College Station Medical CenterSrikanta K. Banerjee - Walden UniversityAgegnehu Bante Bante - Arba Minch UniversityAdhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki - University of GondarSuzanne Lyn Barker-Collo - University of AucklandTill Winfried Barnighausen - Harvard UniversityLope H. Barrero - Pontifical Javeriana Univ, Dept Ind Engn, Bogota, ColombiaCeline M. Barthelemy - University of WashingtonLingkan Barua - Bangladesh UniversitySanjay Basu - Harvard UniversityBernhard T. Baune - University of MünsterMohsen Bayati - Shiraz UniversityJacob S. Becker - Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USANeeraj Bedi - Jazan UniversityEttore Beghi - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Dept Neurosci, Milan, ItalyYannick Bejot - Univ Hosp Dijon, Dept Neurol, Dijon, FranceMichelle L. Bell - Yale UniversityFiona B. Bennitt - University of WashingtonIsabela M. Bensenor - University of Sao PauloKidanemaryam Berhe - Mekelle UniversityAdam E. Berman - Augusta UniversityAkshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula - United Arab Emirates UniversityReshmi Bhageerathy - Manipal Acad Higher Educ, Dept Hlth Informat Management, Mangalore, IndiaNeeraj Bhala - Queen Elizabeth Hosp Birmingham, Inst Appl Hlth Res, Birmingham, W Midlands, EnglandDinesh Bhandari - Univ Adelaide, Sch Publ Hlth, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaKrittika Bhattacharyya - Natl Inst Biomed Genom, Dept Stat & Computat Genom, Kalyani, W Bengal, IndiaZulfiqar A. Bhutta - University of TorontoAli Bijani - College Station Medical CenterBoris Bikbov - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Milan, ItalyMuhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed - ACTAntonio Biondi - University of CataniaBinyam Minuye Birihane - Ethiopian Publ Hlth Inst, Adis Ababa, EthiopiaCatherine Bisignano - University of WashingtonRaaj Kishore Biswas - Univ New South Wales, Transport & Rd Safety TARS Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaHelen Bitew - Mekelle UniversitySomayeh Bohlouli - Islamic Azad Univ, Dept Vet Med, Kermanshah, IranMehdi Bohluli - Inst Adv Studies Basic Sci, Dept Comp Sci & Informat Technol, Zanjan, IranAlexandra S. Boon-Dooley - University of WashingtonGuilherme Borges - Ramon de la Fuente Muniz Natl Inst Psychiat, Dept Epidemiol & Psychosocial Res, Mexico City, DF, MexicoAntonio Maria Borzi - University of CataniaShiva Borzouei - College Station Medical CenterCristina Bosetti - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Dept Oncol, Milan, ItalySoufiane Boufous - Univ New South Wales, Transport & Rd Safety TARS Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaDejana Braithwaite - Georgetown UniversityNicholas J. K. Breitborde - The Ohio State UniversitySusanne Breitner - Ludwig Maximilian University of MunichHermann Brenner - Heidelberg (Poland)Paul Svitil Briant - University of WashingtonAndrey Nikolaevich Briko - Bauman Moscow State Tech Univ, Dept Biomed Technol, Moscow, RussiaNikolay Ivanovich Briko - IM Sechenov First Moscow State Med Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Evidence Based Med, Moscow, RussiaGabrielle B. Britton - Inst Sci Res & High Technol Serv, Neurosci Unit, Panama City, PanamaDana Bryazka - University of WashingtonBlair R. Bumgarner - University of WashingtonKatrin Burkart - University of WashingtonRichard Thomas Burnett - Hlth Canada, Populat Studies Div, Ottawa, ON, CanadaSharath Burugina Nagaraja - College Station Medical CenterZahid A. Butt - University of WaterlooFlorentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos - Supreme Council Of HealthLeah E. Cahill - Harvard UniversityLuis Alberto Camera - College Station Medical CenterIsmael R. Campos-Nonato - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Hlth & Nutr Res Ctr, Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoRosario Cardenas - Metropolitan Autonomous Univ, Dept Hlth Care, Mexico City, DF, MexicoGiulia Carreras - Florence (Netherlands)Juan J. Carrero - Karolinska InstitutetFelix Carvalho - Universidade do PortoJoao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia - University of Sao PauloCarlos A. Castaneda-Orjuela - Natl Inst Hlth, Colombian Natl Hlth Observ, Bogota, ColombiaGiulio Castelpietra - University of UdineFranz Castro - Mécanique et Engrenage Moderne (France)Kate Causey - University of WashingtonChristopher R. Cederroth - Karolinska InstitutetKelly M. Cercy - University of WashingtonEster Cerin - Australian Catholic UniversityJoht Singh Chandan - University of BirminghamKai-Lan Chang - Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USAFiona J. Charlson - University of WashingtonVijay Kumar Chattu - University of TorontoSarika Chaturvedi - DY Patil Univ, Res Dept, Pune, Maharashtra, IndiaNicolas Cherbuin - Supreme Council Of HealthOdgerel Chimed-Ochir - Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Inst Ind Ecol Sci, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, JapanDaniel Youngwhan Cho - University of WashingtonJee-Young Jasmine Choi - Seoul Natl Univ Hosp, Biomed Informat, Seoul, South KoreaHanne Christensen - University of CopenhagenDinh-Toi Chu - VietnamMichael T. Chung - Wayne State UniversitySheng-Chia Chung - UCL, Dept Hlth Informat, London, EnglandFlavia M. Cicuttini - Monash UniversityLiliana G. Ciobanu - Univ South Australia, Sch Pharm & Med Sci, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaMassimo Cirillo - University of Naples Federico IIThomas Khaled Dwayne Classen - Quest University CanadaAaron J. Cohen - University of WashingtonKelly Compton - University of WashingtonOwen R. Cooper - Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USAVera Marisa Costa - Universidade do PortoEwerton Cousin - Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Postgrad Program Epidemiol, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilRichard G. Cowden - University of the Free StateDi H. Cross - NIH, Off Director, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USAJessica A. Cruz - University of WashingtonSaad M. A. Dahlawi - Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityAlbertino Antonio Moura Damasceno - Eduardo Mondlane UniversityGiovanni Damiani - University of MilanLalit Dandona - University of WashingtonRakhi Dandona - University of WashingtonWilliam James Dangel - University of WashingtonAnna-Karin Danielsson - Karolinska InstitutetPaul I. Dargan - College Station Medical CenterAso Mohammad Darwesh - Univ Human Dev, Dept Informat Technol, Sulaymaniyah, IraqAhmad Daryani - College Station Medical CenterJai K. Das - Aga Khan Univ, Div Women & Child Hlth, Karachi, PakistanRajat Das Gupta - University of South CarolinaJose Das Neves - Universidade do PortoClaudio Alberto Davila-Cervantes - Latin Amer Fac Social Sci Mexico, Dept Populat & Dev, Mexico City, DF, MexicoDragos Virgil Davitoiu - College Station Medical CenterDiego De Leo - Griffith Univ, Australian Inst Suicide Res & Prevent, Nathan, Qld, AustraliaLouisa Degenhardt - University of WashingtonMarissa DeLang - Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USARobert Paul Dellavalle - Dept Vet Affairs, Dermatol Serv, St Louis, MO USAFeleke Mekonnen Demeke - Bahir Dar UniversityGebre Teklemariam Demoz - Aksum UniversityDesalegn Getnet Demsie - Adigrat Univ, Dept Pharm, Adigrat, EthiopiaEdgar Denova-Gutierrez - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Nutr & Hlth Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoNikolaos Dervenis - Royal Liverpool Univ Hosp, St Pauls Eye Unit, Liverpool, Merseyside, EnglandGovinda Prasad Dhungana - Far-western UniversityMostafa Dianatinasab - Shiraz UniversityDiana Dias da Silva - Universidade do PortoDaniel Diaz - Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Complex Sci, Mexico City, DF, MexicoZahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani - University of TehranShirin Djalalinia - College Station Medical CenterHoa Thi Do - Trường ĐH Nguyễn Tất ThànhKlara Dokova - College Station Medical CenterFariba Dorostkar - College Station Medical CenterLeila Doshmangir - College Station Medical CenterTim Robert Driscoll - The University of SydneyBruce B. Duncan - Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Postgrad Program Epidemiol, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilAndre Rodrigues Duraes - Supreme Council Of HealthArielle Wilder Eagan - Harvard UniversityDavid Edvardsson - La Trobe UniversityNevine El Nahas - Ain Shams UniversityIman El Sayed - Alexandria UniversityMaha El Tantawi - Alexandria UniversityIffat Elbarazi - Abu Dhabi UniversityIslam Y. Elgendy - Harvard UniversityShaimaa I. El-Jaafary - Cairo UniversityIqbal R. F. Elyazar - Eijkman Institute for Molecular BiologySophia Emmons-Bell - University of WashingtonHolly E. Erskine - Univ Queensland, Sch Publ Hlth, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaSharareh Eskandarieh - University of TehranSaman Esmaeilnejad - Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran Med Sci Branch, Kermanshah, IranAlireza Esteghamati - University of TehranKara Estep - University of WashingtonArash Etemadi - NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USAAtkilt Esaiyas Etisso - Hawassa UniversityJessica Fanzo - Johns Hopkins UniversityMohammad Farahmand - University of TehranMohammad Fareed - Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic Univ, Coll Med, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaRoghiyeh Faridnia - College Station Medical CenterAndrea Farioli - University of BolognaAndre Faro - Univ Fed Sergipe, Dept Psychol, Sao Cristovao, BrazilMithila Faruque - Bangladesh UniversityFarshad Farzadfar - University of TehranNazir Fattahi - College Station Medical CenterMehdi Fazlzadeh - University of TehranValery L. Feigin - University of WashingtonRachel Feldman - University of WashingtonSeyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad - Karolinska InstitutetEduarda Fernandes - Universidade do PortoGiannina Ferrara - University of WashingtonAlize J. Ferrari - University of WashingtonManuela L. Ferreira - The University of SydneyIrina Filip - Kaiser PermanenteFlorian Fischer - Ravensburg Weingarten Univ Appl Sci, Inst Gerontol Hlth Serv & Nursing Res, Weingarten, GermanyJames L. Fisher - The Ohio State UniversityLuisa Sorio Flor - Supreme Council Of HealthNataliya A. Foigt - College Station Medical CenterMorenike Oluwatoyin Folayan - Obafemi Awolowo Univ, Dept Child Dent Hlth, Ife, NigeriaArtem Alekseevich Fomenkov - Plant (United States)Lisa M. Force - University of WashingtonMasoud Foroutan - Supreme Council Of HealthRichard Charles Franklin - James Cook UniversityMarisa Freitas - Universidade do PortoWeijia Fu - University of WashingtonTakeshi Fukumoto - Kobe UniversityJoao M. Furtado - University of Sao PauloMohamed M. Gad - Supreme Council Of HealthEmmanuela Gakidou - University of WashingtonSilvano Gallus - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Milan, ItalyAlberto L. Garcia-Basteiro - Manh Hlth Res Ctr CISM, Dept TB, Manhica, MozambiqueWilliam M. Gardner - University of WashingtonBiniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam - Madda Walabu Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Bale Robe, EthiopiaAssefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie - Mekelle UniversityAbraham Geremew - Haramaya UniversityAnna Gershberg Hayoon - University of WashingtonPeter W. Gething - Curtin UniversityMaryam Ghadimi - Johns Hopkins UniversityKeyghobad Ghadiri - College Station Medical CenterFatemeh Ghaffarifar - Tarbiat Modares UniversityMansour Ghafourifard - College Station Medical CenterFarhad Ghamari - Arak UniversityAhmad Ghashghaee - College Station Medical CenterHesam Ghiasvand - University of ExeterNermin Ghith - Tech Univ Denmark, Res Grp Genom Epidemiol, Copenhagen, DenmarkAsadollah Gholamian - Islamic Azad Univ, Dept Biol, Kermanshah, IranRakesh Ghosh - Univ Calif San Francisco, Inst Global Hlth Sci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAParamjit Singh Gill - University of WarwickThemba G. Ginindza - Univ KwaZulu Natal, Discipline Publ Hlth Med, Durban, South AfricaGiorgia Giussani - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Lab Neurol Disorders, Milan, ItalyElena V. Gnedovskaya - Res Ctr Neurol, Dept Neurol 3, Moscow, RussiaSalime Goharinezhad - College Station Medical CenterSameer Vali Gopalani - University of OklahomaGiuseppe Gorini - Florence (Netherlands)Houman Goudarzi - Hokkaido UniversityAlessandra C. Goulart - University of Sao PauloFelix Greaves - Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, EnglandMichal Grivna - United Arab Emirates UniversityGiuseppe Grosso - University of CataniaMohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari - College Station Medical CenterHarish Chander Gugnani - Supreme Council Of HealthRafael Alves Guimaraes - Univ Fed Goias, Inst Trop Pathol & Publ Hlth IPTSP, Goiania, Go, BrazilRashid Abdi Guled - Jigjiga UniversityGaorui Guo - University of WashingtonYuming Guo - Monash UniversityRajeev Gupta - Mahatma Gandhi UniversityTarun Gupta - Indian Institute of Technology KanpurBeatrix Haddock - University of WashingtonNima Hafezi-Nejad - University of TehranAbdul Hafiz - Supreme Council Of HealthArvin Haj-Mirzaian - Shahid Beheshti UniversityArya Haj-Mirzaian - University of WashingtonBrian J. Hall - University of MacauIman Halvaei - Tarbiat Modares UniversityRandah R. Hamadeh - Arabian Gulf UniversitySamer Hamidi - Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart UniversityMelanie S. Hammer - Washington Univ, Dept Energy Environm & Chem Engn, St Louis, MO 63110 USAGraeme J. Hankey - Univ Western Australia, Sch Med, Perth, WA, AustraliaHamidreza Haririan - College Station Medical CenterJosep Maria Haro - Universitat de BarcelonaAhmed I. Hasaballah - Al Azhar Univ, Dept Zool & Entomol, Cairo, EgyptMd Mehedi Hasan - Univ Queensland, ARC Ctr Excellence Children & Families Life Cours, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaEdris Hasanpoor - College Station Medical CenterAbdiwahab Hashi - Jigjiga UniversitySoheil Hassanipour - College Station Medical CenterHadi Hassankhani - Supreme Council Of HealthRasmus J. Havmoeller - Skaane Cty Council, Skaane Univ Hosp, Malmo, SwedenSimon I. Hay - University of WashingtonKhezar Hayat - Univ Vet & Anim Sci, Inst Pharmaceut Sci, Lahore, PakistanGolnaz Heidari - University of WashingtonReza Heidari-Soureshjani - University of TehranHannah J. Henrikson - University of WashingtonMolly E. Herbert - University of WashingtonClaudiu Herteliu - Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, RomaniaFatemeh Heydarpour - College Station Medical CenterThomas R. Hird - University of BathHans W. Hoek - University of GroningenRamesh Holla - College Station Medical CenterPraveen Hoogar - BIO (Canada)H. Dean Hosgood - The Bronx DefendersNaznin Hossain - Bangladesh Ind Gases Ltd, Dept Pharmacol, Tangail, BangladeshMostafa Hosseini - University of TehranMehdi Hosseinzadeh - Univ Human Dev, Dept Comp Sci, Sulaymaniyah, IraqMihaela Hostiuc - College Station Medical CenterSorin Hostiuc - College Station Medical CenterMowafa Househ - Hamad bin Khalifa UniversityMohamed Hsairi - College Station Medical CenterVivian Chia-Rong Hsieh - College Station Medical CenterGuoqing Hu - Cent South Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Hlth Stat, Changsha, Peoples R ChinaKejia Hu - Zhejiang UniversityTanvir M. Huda - The University of SydneyAyesha Humayun - College Station Medical CenterChantal K. Huynh - University of WashingtonBing-Fang Hwang - Supreme Council Of HealthVincent C. Iannucci - University of WashingtonSegun Emmanuel Ibitoye - University of IbadanNayu Ikeda - Natl Inst Biomed Innovat Hlth & Nutr, Int Ctr Nutr & Informat, Tokyo, JapanKevin S. Ikuta - University of WashingtonOlayinka Stephen Ilesanmi - College Station Medical CenterIrena M. Ilic - University of BelgradeMilena D. Ilic - University of KragujevacLeeberk Raja Inbaraj - College Station Medical CenterHelen Ippolito - University of WashingtonUsman Iqbal - College Station Medical CenterSeyed Sina Naghibi Irvani - Shahid Beheshti UniversityCaleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine - University of WashingtonM. Mofizul Islam - College Station Medical CenterSheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam - Deakin UniversityHiroyasu Iso - The University of OsakaRebecca Q. Ivers - UNSW SydneyChidozie C. D. Iwu - Univ Ft Hare, Dept Biochem & Microbiol, Alice, South AfricaChinwe Juliana Iwu - Stellenbosch UniversityIhoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu - University of British ColumbiaJalil Jaafari - College Station Medical CenterKathryn H. Jacobsen - George Mason UniversityHussain Jafari - University of WashingtonMorteza Jafarinia - College Station Medical CenterMohammad Ali Jahani - College Station Medical CenterMihajlo Jakovljevic - College Station Medical CenterFarzad Jalilian - College Station Medical CenterSpencer L. James - University of WashingtonHosna Janjani - University of TehranTahereh Javaheri - Boston UniversityJavad Javidnia - College Station Medical CenterPanniyammakal Jeemon - College Station Medical CenterEnsiyeh Jenabi - College Station Medical CenterRavi Prakash Jha - College Station Medical CenterVivekanand Jha - Univ New South Wales, George Inst Global Hlth, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaJohn S. Ji - Duke UniversityLars Johansson - University of WashingtonOommen John - UNSW AustraliaYetunde O. John-Akinola - University of IbadanCatherine Owens Johnson - University of WashingtonJost B. Jonas - Heidelberg UniversityFarahnaz Joukar - College Station Medical CenterJacek Jerzy Jozwiak - College Station Medical CenterMikk Jurisson - University of TartuAli Kabir - College Station Medical CenterZubair Kabir - Supreme Council Of HealthHamed Kalani - University of WashingtonRizwan Kalani - University of WashingtonLeila R. Kalankesh - College Station Medical CenterRohollah Kalhor - College Station Medical CenterTanuj Kanchan - College Station Medical CenterNeeti Kapoor - Govt Inst Forens Sci, Dept Forens Sci, Nagpur, Maharashtra, IndiaBehzad Karami Matin - College Station Medical CenterAndre Karch - University of MünsterMohd Anisul Karim - University of OxfordGetachew Mullu Kassa - Debre Markos UniversitySrinivasa Vittal Katikireddi - University of GlasgowGbenga A. Kayode - Inst Human Virol Nigeria, Int Res Ctr Excellence, Abuja, NigeriaAli Kazemi Karyani - College Station Medical CenterPeter Njenga Keiyoro - University of NairobiCathleen Keller - University of WashingtonLaura Kemmer - University of WashingtonParkes J. Kendrick - University of WashingtonNauman Khalid - Supreme Council Of HealthMohammad Khammarnia - College Station Medical CenterEjaz Ahmad Khan - Biostat (United States)Maseer Khan - Jazan UniversityKhaled Khatab - Sheffield Hallam UniversityMona M. Khater - Cairo UniversityMahalaqua Nazli Khatib - Datta Meghe Inst Med Sci, Global Evidence Synth Initiat, Wardha, IndiaMaryam Khayamzadeh - Shahid Beheshti UniversitySalman Khazaei - College Station Medical CenterChristian Kieling - Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Dept Psychiat, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilYun Jin Kim - Xiamen University MalaysiaRuth W. Kimokoti - Simmons UniversityAdnan Kisa - Supreme Council Of HealthSezer Kisa - Oslo Metropolitan Univ, Dept Nursing & Hlth Promot, Oslo, NorwayMika Kivimaki - UCL, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, London, EnglandLuke D. Knibbs - Univ Queensland, Sch Publ Hlth, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaAnn Kristin Skrindo Knudsen - Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Dis Burden, Bergen, NorwayJonathan M. Kocarnik - University of WashingtonSonali Kochhar - University of WashingtonJacek A. Kopec - University of British ColumbiaVladimir Andreevich Korshunov - IM Sechenov First Moscow State Med Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Evidence Based Med, Moscow, RussiaParvaiz A. Koul - College Station Medical CenterAi Koyanagi - Catalan Inst Res & Adv Studies ICREA, Barcelona, SpainMoritz U. G. Kraemer - Harvard UniversityKewal Krishan - Panjab UniversityKris J. Krohn - University of WashingtonHans Kromhout - Univ Utrecht, Inst Risk Assessment Sci IRAS, Utrecht, NetherlandsBarthelemy Kuate Defo - Université de MontréalG. Anil Kumar - University of WashingtonVivek Kumar - Harvard UniversityOm P. Kurmi - McMaster UniversityDian Kusuma - Supreme Council Of HealthCarlo La Vecchia - University of MilanBen Lacey - University of OxfordDharmesh Kumar Lal - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, IndiaRatilal Lalloo - The University of QueenslandTea Lallukka - University of HelsinkiFaris Hasan Lami - University of BaghdadIvan Landires - College Station Medical CenterJustin J. Lang - Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Ctr Surveillance & Appl Res, Toronto, ON, CanadaSinead M. Langan - Supreme Council Of HealthAnders O. Larsson - Uppsala UniversitySavita Lasrado - College Station Medical CenterPaolo Lauriola - CNR, Inst Clin Physiol, Padua, ItalyJeffrey V. Lazarus - University of WashingtonPaul H. Lee - Supreme Council Of HealthShaun Wen Huey Lee - Monash UniversityKate E. LeGrand - University of WashingtonJames Leigh - The University of SydneyMatilde Leonardi - Carlo Besta Neurol Inst IRCCS, Neurol Publ Hlth & Disabil Unit, Milan, ItalyHaley Lescinsky - University of WashingtonJanni Leung - Univ Queensland, Ctr Youth Subst Abuse Res, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaMiriam Levi - Florence (Netherlands)Shanshan Li - Monash UniversityLee-Ling Lim - Univ Malaya, Dept Med, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaShai Linn - University of HaifaShiwei Liu - Brown UniversitySimin Liu - University of WashingtonYang Liu - Emory UniversityJustin Lo - University of WashingtonAlan D. Lopez - University of WashingtonJaifred Christian F. Lopez - University of the Philippines ManilaPlaton D. Lopukhov - IM Sechenov First Moscow State Med Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Evidence Based Med, Moscow, RussiaStefan Lorkowski - Friedrich Schiller University JenaPaulo A. Lotufo - University of Sao PauloAlton Lu - University of WashingtonAlessandra Lugo - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Milan, ItalyEmilie R. Maddison - University of WashingtonPhetole Walter Mahasha - College Station Medical CenterMokhtar Mahdavi Mahdavi - College Station Medical CenterMorteza Mahmoudi - Michigan State UniversityAzeem Majeed - Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, EnglandAfshin Maleki - College Station Medical CenterShokofeh Maleki - College Station Medical CenterReza Malekzadeh - University of TehranDeborah Carvalho Malta - Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Maternal & Child Nursing & Publ Hlth, Belo Horizonte, MG, BrazilAbdullah A. Mamun - Univ Queensland, Social Sci Res Inst, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaAna Laura Manda - College Station Medical CenterHelena Manguerra - University of WashingtonFariborz Mansour-Ghanaei - College Station Medical CenterBorhan Mansouri - College Station Medical CenterMohammad Ali Mansournia - University of TehranAna M. Mantilla Herrera - Univ Queensland, Sch Publ Hlth, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaJoemer C. Maravilla - Univ Queensland, Social Sci Res Inst, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaAshley Marks - University of WashingtonRandall V. Martin - Dalhousie UniversitySanti Martini - Airlangga UniversityFrancisco Rogerlandio Martins-Melo - Federal ReserveAnthony Masaka - Botho UniversitySeyedeh Zahra Masoumi - College Station Medical CenterManu Raj Mathur - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Hlth Policy Res, Gurugram, IndiaKunihiro Matsushita - Johns Hopkins UniversityPallab K. Maulik - Univ New South Wales, Sch Med, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaColm McAlinden - Singleton Hosp, Dept Ophthalmol, Swansea, W Glam, WalesJohn J. McGrath - Univ Queensland, Queensland Brain Inst, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaMartin Mckee - Supreme Council Of HealthMan Mohan Mehndiratta - Janakpuri Super Specialty Hosp Soc, Dept Neurol, New Delhi, IndiaFereshteh Mehri - College Station Medical CenterKala M. Mehta - Biostat (United States)Ziad A. Memish - Alfaisal UniversityWalter Mendoza - United NationsRitesh G. Menezes - Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityEndalkachew Worku Mengesha - Bahir Dar UniversityAlibek Mereke - AlmaSeid Tiku Mereta - Jimma UniversityAtte Meretoja - The University of MelbourneTuomo J. Meretoja - University of HelsinkiTomislav Mestrovic - Zora Profoz Polyclin, Clin Microbiol & Parasitol Unit, Zagreb, CroatiaBartosz Miazgowski - College Station Medical CenterTomasz Miazgowski - College Station Medical CenterIrmina Maria Michalek - Vaud Univ Hosp Ctr, Dept Women Mother Child, Lausanne, SwitzerlandTed R. Miller - Curtin UniversityEdward J. Mills - McMaster UniversityG. K. Mini - Ananthapuri Hosp & Res Inst, Global Inst Publ Hlth, Trivandrum, Kerala, IndiaMohammad Miri - College Station Medical CenterAndreea Mirica - Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, RomaniaErkin M. Mirrakhimov - College Station Medical CenterHamed Mirzaei - College Station Medical CenterMaryam Mirzaei - College Station Medical CenterRoya Mirzaei - University of TehranMehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh - College Station Medical CenterAwoke Temesgen Misganaw - University of WashingtonPrasanna Mithra - College Station Medical CenterBabak Moazen - Heidelberg Univ, Heidelberg Inst Global Hlth HIGH, Heidelberg, GermanyDara K. Mohammad - Karolinska InstitutetYousef Mohammad - King Saud UniversityNaser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji - Biostat (United States)Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani - Shahrekord UniversityNoushin Mohammadifard - College Station Medical CenterReza Mohammadpourhodki - College Station Medical CenterAmmas Siraj Mohammed - Haramaya UniversityHussen Mohammed - Dire Dawa UniversityJemal Abdu Mohammed - Samara Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Samara, EthiopiaShafiu Mohammed - Heidelberg Univ, Heidelberg Inst Global Hlth HIGH, Heidelberg, GermanyAli H. Mokdad - University of WashingtonMariam Molokhia - College Station Medical CenterLorenzo Monasta - Burlo Garofolo Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Clin Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Res Unit, Trieste, ItalyMeghan D. Mooney - University of WashingtonGhobad Moradi - Biostat (United States)Masoud Moradi - College Station Medical CenterMaziar Moradi-Lakeh - College Station Medical CenterRahmatollah Moradzadeh - Arak UniversityPaula Moraga - University of BathLidia Morawska - Queensland University of TechnologyJoana Morgado-da-Costa - Universidade do PortoShane Douglas Morrison - University of WashingtonAbbas Mosapour - College Station Medical CenterJonathan F. Mosser - University of WashingtonSimin Mouodi - College Station Medical CenterSeyyed Meysam Mousavi - University of TehranAmin Mousavi Khaneghah - Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)Ulrich Otto Mueller - Ctr Populat & Hlth, Wiesbaden, GermanySatinath Mukhopadhyay - Mécanique et Engrenage Moderne (France)Erin C. Mullany - University of WashingtonKamarul Imran Musa - Supreme Council Of HealthSaravanan Muthupandian - Mekelle UniversityAshraf F. Nabhan - Ain Shams UniversityMehdi Naderi - College Station Medical CenterAhamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan - Initiat Financing Hlth & Human Dev, Res & Analyt Dept, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaGabriele Nagel - College Station Medical CenterMohsen Naghavi - University of WashingtonBehshad Naghshtabrizi - College Station Medical CenterMukhammad David Naimzada - Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Lab Publ Hlth Indicators Anal & Hlth Digitalizat, Dolgoprudnyi, RussiaFarid Najafi - Biostat (United States)Vinay Nangia - Suraj Eye InstituteJobert Richie Nansseu - Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Control Dis Epidem & Pandem, Yaounde, CameroonMorteza Naserbakht - College Station Medical CenterVinod C. Nayak - College Station Medical CenterIonut Negoi - College Station Medical CenterJosephine W. Ngunjiri - University of EmbuCuong Tat Nguyen - Duy Tan UniversityHuong Lan Thi Nguyen - Duy Tan UniversityMing Nguyen - University of WashingtonYeshambel T. Nigatu - Bahir Dar UniversityRajan Nikbakhsh - Shahid Beheshti UniversityMolly R. Nixon - University of WashingtonChukwudi A. Nnaji - College Station Medical CenterShuhei Nomura - The University of TokyoBo Norrving - Lund UniversityJean Jacques Noubiap - Univ Adelaide, Ctr Heart Rhythm Disorders, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaChristoph Nowak - Karolinska InstitutetVirginia Nunez-Samudio - College Station Medical CenterAdrian O. Oiu - University of WashingtonBogdan Oancea - University of BucharestChristopher M. Odell - University of WashingtonFelix Akpojene Ogbo - Western Sydney UniversityIn-Hwan Oh - Kyung Hee UniversityEmmanuel Wandera Okunga - Response Biomedical (Canada)Morteza Oladnabi - Golestan UniversityAndrew T. Olagunju - McMaster UniversityBolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya - Healthy StartJacob Olusegun Olusanya - Healthy StartMuktar Omer Omer - Jigjiga UniversityKanyin L. Ong - University of WashingtonObinna E. Onwujekwe - University of Nigeria, NsukkaHeather M. Orpana - Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Subst Related Harms Div, Toronto, ON, CanadaAlberto Ortiz - Universidad Autónoma de MadridOsayomwanbo Osarenotor - Univ Benin, Dept Environm Management & Toxicol, Benin, NigeriaFrank B. Osei - University of TwenteSamuel M. Ostroff - University of WashingtonNikita Otstavnov - Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Lab Publ Hlth Indicators Anal & Hlth Digitalizat, Dolgoprudnyi, RussiaStanislav S. Otstavnov - Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Lab Publ Hlth Indicators Anal & Hlth Digitalizat, Dolgoprudnyi, RussiaSimon Overland - University of BergenMayowa O. Owolabi - College Station Medical CenterMahesh P. A. Section - University of WashingtonJagadish Rao Padubidri - College Station Medical CenterRaffaele Palladino - Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, EnglandSonghomitra Panda-Jonas - Heidelberg Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Heidelberg, GermanyAnamika Pandey - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Dept Res, Gurugram, IndiaCharles D. H. Parry - Stellenbosch UniversityMaja Pasovic - University of WashingtonDeepak Kumar Pasupula - University of PittsburghSangram Kishor Patel - Populat Council, Dept Poverty Gender & Youth, New Delhi, IndiaMona Pathak - College Station Medical CenterScott B. Patten - University of CalgaryGeorge C. Patton - The University of MelbourneHamidreza Pazoki Toroudi - College Station Medical CenterAmy E. Peden - Univ New South Wales, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaAlyssa Pennini - University of WashingtonVeincent Christian Filipino Pepito - Ateneo de Manila UniversityEmmanuel K. Peprah - Supreme Council Of HealthDavid M. Pereira - Universidade do PortoKonrad Pesudovs - Univ New South Wales, Sch Optometry & Vis Sci, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaHai Quang Pham - Duy Tan UniversityMichael R. Phillips - Columbia UniversityCristiano Piccinelli - City Hlth & Sci Univ Hosp Turin, SSD Epidemiol Screening, Turin, ItalyTessa M. Pilz - University of WashingtonMichael A. Piradov - Res Ctr Neurol, Moscow, RussiaMeghdad Pirsaheb - College Station Medical CenterDietrich Plass - German Environm Agcy, Dept Environm Hyg, Dessau Rosslau, GermanySuzanne Polinder - Erasmus MCKevan R. Polkinghorne - Monash UniversityConstance Dimity Pond - Univ Newcastle, Discipline Gen Practice, Newcastle, NSW, AustraliaMaarten J. Postma - University of GroningenHadi Pourjafar - College Station Medical CenterFarshad Pourmalek - University of British ColumbiaAnna Poznanska - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Dept Populat Hlth Monitoring & Anal, Warsaw, PolandSergio I. Prada - Icesi UniversityV. Prakash - Charotar Univ Sci & Technol, Rita Patel Inst Physiotherapy, Anand, Gujarat, IndiaDimas Ria Angga Pribadi - Muhammadiyah University of SurakartaElisabetta Pupillo - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Dept Neurosci, Milan, ItalyZahiruddin Quazi Syed - College Station Medical CenterMohammad Rabiee - Amirkabir University of TechnologyNavid Rabiee - Sharif University of TechnologyAmir Radfar - College Station Medical CenterAta Rafiee - University of AlbertaAlberto Raggi - Carlo Besta Neurol Inst IRCCS, Neurol Publ Hlth & Disabil Unit, Milan, ItalyMuhammad Aziz Rahman - Supreme Council Of HealthAli Rajabpour-Sanati - College Station Medical CenterFatemeh Rajati - College Station Medical CenterIvo Rakovac - World Hlth Org WHO, European Off Prevent & Control Noncommunicable Di, Geneva, SwitzerlandPradhum Ram - Emory UniversityKiana Ramezanzadeh - Shahid Beheshti UniversityChhabi Lal Ranabhat - Policy Res Inst, Res Dept, Kathmandu, NepalPuja C. Rao - University of WashingtonSowmya J. Rao - Srinivas Inst Dent Sci, Dept Oral Pathol, Mangalore, IndiaVahid Rashedi - College Station Medical CenterPriya Rathi - College Station Medical CenterDavid Laith Rawaf - Imperial Coll London, WHO Collaborating Ctr Publ Hlth Educ & Training, London, EnglandSalman Rawaf - Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, EnglandLal Rawal - Supreme Council Of HealthReza Rawassizadeh - Boston UniversityRamu Rawat - Int Inst Populat Sci, Dept Math Demog & Stat, Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaChristian Razo - University of WashingtonSofia Boston - University of WashingtonRobert C. Reiner - University of WashingtonMarissa Bettay Reitsma - University of WashingtonGiuseppe Remuzzi - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Milan, ItalyVishnu Renjith - Supreme Council Of HealthAndre M. N. Renzaho - Western Sydney UniversitySerge Resnikoff - UNSW AustraliaNegar Rezaei - University of TehranNima Rezaei - University of TehranAziz Rezapour - College Station Medical CenterPhoebe-Anne Rhinehart - University of WashingtonSeyed Mohammad Riahi - College Station Medical CenterDaniel Cury Ribeiro - Univ Otago, Sch Physiotherapy, Wellington, New ZealandDaniela Ribeiro - Universidade do PortoJennifer Rickard - University of MinnesotaJuan A. Rivera - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Hlth & Nutr Res Ctr, Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoNicholas L. S. Roberts - University of WashingtonSonia Rodriguez-Ramirez - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Nutr & Hlth Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoLeonardo Roever - Federal ReserveLuca Ronfani - Burlo Garofolo Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Clin Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Res Unit, Trieste, ItalyRobin Room - La Trobe UniversityGholamreza Roshandel - Golestan UniversityGregory A. Roth - University of WashingtonDietrich Rothenbacher - College Station Medical CenterEnrico Rubagotti - Colombian Corporation for Agricultural Research - AGROSAVIAGodfrey M. Rwegerera - University of BotswanaSiamak Sabour - Shahid Beheshti UniversityPerminder S. Sachdev - Univ New South Wales, Sch Psychiat, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaBasema Saddik - Univ Sharjah, Dept Family & Community Med, Sharjah, U Arab EmiratesEhsan Sadeghi - College Station Medical CenterMasoumeh Sadeghi - College Station Medical CenterReza Saeedi - Shahid Beheshti UniversitySahar Saeedi Moghaddam - University of TehranYahya Safari - College Station Medical CenterSare Safi - Shahid Beheshti UniversitySaeid Safiri - College Station Medical CenterRajesh Sagar - College Station Medical CenterAmirhossein Sahebkar - College Station Medical CenterS. Mohammad Sajadi - Soran UniversityNasir Salam - University of the PunjabPayman Salamati - University of TehranHosni Salem - Cairo UniversityMarwa R. Salem - Cairo UniversityHamideh Salimzadeh - University of TehranOmar Mukhtar Salman - Supreme Council Of HealthJoshua A. Salomon - Stanford Univ, Ctr Hlth Policy, Stanford, CA 94305 USAZainab Samad - Duke UniversityHossein Samadi Kafil - College Station Medical CenterEvanson Zondani Sambala - College Station Medical CenterAbdallah M. Samy - Ain Shams UniversityJuan Sanabria - Case Western Reserve UniversityTania G. Sanchez-Pimienta - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoDamian Francesco Santomauro - The University of QueenslandItamar S. Santos - University of Sao PauloJoao Vasco Santos - Universidade do PortoMilena M. Santric-Milicevic - University of BelgradeSivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy - College Station Medical CenterRodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez - College Station Medical CenterNizal Sarrafzadegan - College Station Medical CenterBenn Sartorius - Supreme Council Of HealthArash Sarveazad - College Station Medical CenterBrijesh Sathian - College Station Medical CenterThirunavukkarasu Sathish - McMaster UniversityDavide Sattin - Carlo Besta Neurol Inst IRCCS, Neurol Publ Hlth & Disabil Unit, Milan, ItalySonia Saxena - Supreme Council Of HealthLauren E. Schaeffer - University of WashingtonSilvia Schiavolin - Carlo Besta Neurol Inst IRCCS, Neurol Publ Hlth & Disabil Unit, Milan, ItalyMarkus P. Schlaich - Univ Western Australia, Dobney Hypertens Ctr, Perth, WA, AustraliaMaria Ines Schmidt - Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Postgrad Program Epidemiol, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilAletta Elisabeth Schutte - Univ New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaDavid C. Schwebel - University of AlabamaFalk Schwendicke - Charité - Universitätsmedizin BerlinAnbissa Muleta Senbeta - Jigjiga UniversitySubramanian Senthilkumaran - College Station Medical CenterSadaf G. Sepanlou - University of TehranBerrin Serdar - University of Colorado DenverMarc L. Serre - Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USAJamileh Shadid - University of WashingtonOmid Shafaat - Johns Hopkins UniversitySaeed Shahabi - Shiraz UniversityAmira A. Shaheen - An Najah Natl Univ, Publ Hlth Div, Nablus, PalestineMasood Ali Shaikh - University of WashingtonAli S. Shalash - Ain Shams UniversityMehran Shams-Beyranvand - Supreme Council Of HealthMorteza Shamsizadeh - University of BoråsKiomars Sharafi - College Station Medical CenterAziz Sheikh - Harvard UniversityAbbas Sheikhtaheri - College Station Medical CenterKenji Shibuya - Kings Coll London, Inst Populat Hlth, London, EnglandKevin David Shield - University of TorontoMika Shigematsu - Natl Inst Infect Dis, Bucharest, RomaniaJae Il Shin - Yonsei UniversityMin-Jeong Shin - University of SeoulRahman Shiri - Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, FinlandReza Shirkoohi - University of TehranKerem Shuval - University of HaifaSoraya Siabani - College Station Medical CenterRadoslaw Sierpinski - College Station Medical CenterInga Dora Sigfusdottir - Columbia UniversityRannveig Sigurvinsdottir - Reykjavík UniversityJoao Pedro Silva - Universidade do PortoKyle E. Simpson - University of WashingtonJasvinder A. Singh - University of AlabamaPushpendra Singh - Indian Inst Technol, Dept Humanities & Social Sci, Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaEirini Skiadaresi - Hywel Dda Univ Hlth Board, Dept Ophthalmol, Llanelli, WalesSoren T. Skou - University of Southern DenmarkValentin Yurievich Skryabin - Moscow Res & Pract Ctr Addict, Dept 16, Moscow, RussiaEmma U. R. Smith - The University of SydneyAmin Soheili - Semnan Univ Med Sci, Nursing Care Res Ctr, Semnan, IranShahin Soltani - College Station Medical CenterMoslem Soofi - College Station Medical CenterReed J. D. Sorensen - University of WashingtonJoan B. Soriano - Universidad Autónoma de MadridMuluken Bekele Sorrie - Arba Minch UniversitySergey Soshnikov - Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Lab Publ Hlth Indicators Anal & Hlth Digitalizat, Dolgoprudnyi, RussiaIreneous N. Soyiri - University of HullCory N. Spencer - University of WashingtonAdel Spotin - College Station Medical CenterChandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy - College Station Medical CenterVinay Srinivasan - Supreme Council Of HealthJeffrey D. Stanaway - University of WashingtonCaroline Stein - Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Postgrad Program Epidemiol, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilDan J. Stein - College Station Medical CenterCaitlyn Steiner - University of WashingtonLeo Stockfelt - University of GothenburgMark A. Stokes - Deakin Univ, Dept Psychol, Burwood, Vic, AustraliaKurt Straif - Schiller (France)Jacob L. Stubbs - University of British ColumbiaMu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan - Ahmadu Bello UniversityHafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria - The University of MelbourneRizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader - College Station Medical CenterGerhard Sulo - Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Bergen, NorwayIyad Sultan - King Hussein Canc Ctr, Serv Pediat, Amman, JordanLukasz Szumowski - Inst Cardiol Poland, Minister Hlth, Warsaw, PolandRafael Tabares-Seisdedos - Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita SalasKaren M. Tabb - Univ Illinois, Sch Social Work, Urbana, IL 61801 USATakahiro Tabuchi - Osaka Int Canc Inst, Canc Control Ctr, Osaka, JapanAmir Taherkhani - College Station Medical CenterMasih Tajdini - University of TehranKen Takahashi - Asbestos Dis Res Inst, Concord, NSW, AustraliaJukka S. Takala - University of TampereAnimut Tagele Tamiru - University of GondarNuno Taveira - Univ Inst Egas Moniz, Monte De Caparica, PortugalArash Tehrani-Banihashemi - College Station Medical CenterMohamad-Hani Temsah - King Saud UniversityGetayeneh Antehunegn Tesema - University of GondarZemenu Tadesse Tessema - University of GondarGeorge D. Thurston - College Station Medical CenterMariya Vladimirovna Titova - Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Lab Publ Hlth Indicators Anal & Hlth Digitalizat, Dolgoprudnyi, RussiaHamid Reza Tohidinik - University of TehranMarcello Tonelli - University of CalgaryRoman Topor-Madry - Jagiellonian UniversityFotis Topouzis - Aristotle University of ThessalonikiAnna E. Torre - University of WashingtonMathilde Touvier - InsermMarcos Roberto Tovani-Palone - University of Sao PauloBach Xuan Tran - College Station Medical CenterRavensara Travillian - University of WashingtonAristidis Tsatsakis - University of CreteLorainne Tudor Car - Supreme Council Of HealthStefanos Tyrovolas - Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita SalasRiaz Uddin - Univ Queensland, Sch Hlth & Rehabil Sci, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaChukwuma David Umeokonkwo - Alex Ekwueme Fed Univ Teaching Hosp Abakaliki, Dept Community Med, Abakaliki, NigeriaBhaskaran Unnikrishnan - College Station Medical CenterEra Upadhyay - Amity Univ Rajasthan, Amity Inst Biotechnol, Jaipur, Rajasthan, IndiaMarco Vacante - University of CataniaPascual R. Valdez - College Station Medical CenterAaron Van Donkelaar - Washington Univ, Dept Energy Environm & Chem Engn, St Louis, MO 63110 USATommi Juhani Vasankari - UKK InstituteYasser Vasseghian - College Station Medical CenterYousef Veisani - Ilam UniversityNarayanaswamy Venketasubramanian - Supreme Council Of HealthFrancesco S. Violante - University of BolognaVasily Vlassov - Supreme Council Of HealthStein Emil Vollset - University of WashingtonTheo Vos - University of WashingtonRade Vukovic - University of BelgradeYasir Waheed - College Station Medical CenterMitchell Taylor Wallin - Supreme Council Of HealthYafeng Wang - University of Sao PauloYuan-Pang Wang - University of WashingtonAlexandrea Watson - University of WashingtonJingkai Wei - George Washington UniversityMelissa Y. Wei Wei - Supreme Council Of HealthRobert G. Weintraub - Murdoch Childrens Research InstituteJordan Weiss - Univ Penn, Leonard Davis Inst Hlth Econ, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USAAndrea Werdecker - Federal ReserveRonny Westerman - Federal ReserveJoanna L. Whisnant - University of WashingtonHarvey A. Whiteford - University of WashingtonKirsten E. Wiens - University of WashingtonCharles D. A. Wolfe - Supreme Council Of HealthSarah S. Wozniak - University of WashingtonAi-Min Wu - College Station Medical CenterJunjie Wu - University of WashingtonSarah Wulf Hanson - University of WashingtonGelin Xu - Nanjing UniversityRixing Xu - University of WashingtonSimon Yadgir - University of WashingtonSeyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari - Milad Gen Hosp, Clin Canc Res Ctr, Tehran, IranKazumasa Yamagishi - The University of OsakaMousa Yaminfirooz - College Station Medical CenterYuichiro Yano - Duke UniversitySanni Yaya - University of OxfordVahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi - College Station Medical CenterTomas Y. Yeheyis - Hawassa UniversityChristopher Sabo Yilgwan - University of JosMekdes Tigistu Yilma - Wollega UniversityPaul Yip - University of Hong KongNaohiro Yonemoto - Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Dept Neuropsychopharmaol, Kodaira, Tokyo, JapanMustafa Z. Younis - Jackson State UniversityTheodore Patrick Younker - University of PittsburghBahman Yousefi - College Station Medical CenterZabihollah Yousefi - College Station Medical CenterTaraneh Yousefinezhadi - Shahid Beheshti UniversityAbdilahi Yousuf Yousuf - Jigjiga UniversityChuanhua Yu - Wuhan UniversityHasan Yusefzadeh - Urmia UniversityTelma Zahirian Moghadam - College Station Medical CenterMohammad Zamani - Arak UniversityMaryam Zamanian - University of WashingtonHamed Zandian - College Station Medical CenterMikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin - Moscow Res & Pract Ctr Addict, Lab Genet & Genom, Moscow, RussiaYunquan Zhang - Wuhan UniversityZhi-Jiang Zhang - Wuhan UniversityJeff T. Zhao - University of WashingtonXiu-Ju George Zhao - Wuhan UniversityYingxi Zhao - University of OxfordMaigeng Zhou - Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron & Noncommunicable Dis Control & Pr, Beijing, Peoples R ChinaArash Ziapour - College Station Medical CenterStephanie R. M. Zimsen - University of WashingtonMichael Brauer - University of British ColumbiaAshkan Afshin - University of WashingtonStephen S. Lim - University of WashingtonGBD 2019 Risk Factors
- Publication Details
- The Lancet (British edition), Vol.396(10258), pp.1223-1249
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Number of pages
- 27
- Grant note
- SCAF/15/02 / NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship Department of Health 18K10082 / Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) QLK6-CT-2001-00360; SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006-062193; COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005-028857; SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006-028812; 211909; 227822; 261982; 676536; 654221 / European Commission; European Commission Joint Research Centre 2019-01059 / Swedish Research Council; Swedish Research Council for Health Working Life & Welfare (Forte); Swedish Research Council Formas CP18/00074 / Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ESF, EU) 175087 / Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia; Ministry of Education, Science & Technological Development, Serbia South African Medical Research Council; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC); South Africa Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4 -Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche) R21AG032572; R03AG043052; R01 AG030153 / National Institute on Aging, a division of the NIH Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award - German Federal Ministry of Education and Research Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research from the Queensland Department of Health RD016/0009 / ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN Fondos FEDER NASA; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) 01EA1808A / German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD) EGC 985 Program of Peking University UID/MULTI/04378/2019; UID/QUI/50006/2019 / FCT/MCTES; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) Washington University NPRP 9-040-3-008 / Qatar National Research Fund; Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006; SFRH/BHD/110001/2015 / Portuguese national funds through Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitoria Region Zealand (Exercise First) National Health and Medical Council of Australia fellowship; German Research Foundation (DFG); National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia U01_AG09740-13S2; P01_AG005842; P01_AG08291; P30_AG12815; R21_AG025169; Y1-AG-4553-01; IAG_BSR06-11; OGHA_04-064; HHSN271201300071C; R01AG031716 / US National Institute on Aging; United States Department of Health & Human Services; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Aging (NIA) German Ministry of Education and Research; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) Norwegian Institute of Public Health Queensland Health Department (via West Moreton HHS) 81371502; 81761128031 / National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) DG Employment, Social Affairs Inclusion P01-HD31921 / Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; United States Department of Health & Human Services; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) FLAIR fellowship - UK Royal Society; Royal Society FRIAT International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship; Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance; Wellcome Trust POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029248 / EU (FEDER funds through COMPETE); Marie Curie Actions National Heart Foundation of Australia Health Effects Institute, Boston Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship) 107-Z-04 / China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; China Medical University 18/111 / The Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship Health Research Council of New Zealand; Health Research Council of New Zealand XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001 / Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia RIA2016MC-1615 / European AMP; Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, EU (LIFE project) P_40_382 / European Fund for Regional Development through Operational Program for Competitiveness NIA U01AG009740 / National Institute of Aging; United States Department of Health & Human Services; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Aging (NIA) Bloomberg Philanthropies Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion, Panama NNX16AQ30G / NASA; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) 15K08762; 18H03063 / Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Program Grant; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia 01ER1801D / German National Cohort Study BMBF grant Bill AMP; Melinda Gates Foundation; CGIAR CD15/00019 / Sara Borrell postdoctoral program from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI19/00815; DTS18/00032 / ISCIII; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Spanish Government Public Health England Sistema Nacional de Investigacion of SENACYT, Panama National University of Malaysia Department of Health, Queensland Government NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre; National Institutes of Health Research (NIHR) Deakin University UGC Centre of Advanced Study (CAS II) Public Health Agency of Canada National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia Applied and Environmental Sciences University in Bogota, Colombia GUN 86895 / South African National Research Foundation SARChI Chair initiative PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084 / Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI; Consiliul National al Cercetarii Stiintifice (CNCS); Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii (UEFISCDI) UIPA scholarship from UNSW, Sydney Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science; Max Planck Society United States Agency for International Development (USAID); CGIAR; Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation - NORAD PTDC/NAN-MAT/29248/2017 / National Funds (FCT, Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia); Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) National Health AMP; Medical Research Council Fellowship; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC) APP1137969 / Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia 319200 / Academy of Finland; Research Council of Finland Fondos Europeo de Desarrollo Regional P30AG047845 / National Institute on Ageing of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford Cardiovascular Medical Research and Education Fund African Academy of Sciences POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029253 / EU (FEDER funds through the Operational Competitiveness Program [COMPETE]); Marie Curie Actions PI17/00719 / ISCIII-FEDER; Spanish Government PTDC/NAN-MAT/29248/2017 / Fundao para a Cincia e a Tecnologia; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) David Freeze chair in health services research, University of Calgary R01MH110163 / National Institute of Mental Health of the NIH WHO; World Health Organization Foundation for Education and European Culture OI175014 / Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia; Ministry of Education, Science & Technological Development, Serbia MC_UU_12017/13; MC_UU_12017/15 / Medical Research Council; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC); Spanish Government UID/MULTI/04378/2019; UID/QUI/50006/2019 / FCT/MCTES through national funds; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) 18K10082; 18H03063; 15K08762 / Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) IA/CPHI/14/1/501497 / Clinical and Public Health intermediate fellowship from the Wellcome Trust-Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015-20) APP1121516 / National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship Grant; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia SPHSU13; SPHSU15 / Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office Cuthbertson and Fischer Chair in Pediatric Mental Health at the University of Calgary University of Melbourne Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (a Brazilian public funding agency) MC_UU_00022/2; MR/M015084/1; MR/S011676/1; MR/R024227/1; MC_UU_12017/15; MC_UU_12017/13 / MRC; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC) K23AG056638 / National Institute on Aging at the NIH 001 / Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior, Brazil; Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES) 072406; 205039/Z/16/Z / Wellcome Trust Queensland Health 801790 / European Research Council under the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme; European Research Council (ERC) Carlos III Institute of Health Madrid Spain Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program Queensland Department of Health, Australia U01HG010273 / NIH as part of the H3Africa Consortium; United States Department of Health & Human Services; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA T42-OH008673 / NIOSH; United States Department of Health & Human Services; Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA; National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM / Comunidad de Madrid
- Identifiers
- 991005591577407891
- Copyright
- © 2020 The Author(s)
- Murdoch Affiliation
- Centre for Healthy Ageing
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
This output has contributed to the advancement of the following goals:
Source: InCites
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- Collaboration types
- Domestic collaboration
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- Citation topics
- 8 Earth Sciences
- 8.124 Environmental Sciences
- 8.124.552 Air Pollution
- Web Of Science research areas
- Medicine, General & Internal
- ESI research areas
- Clinical Medicine