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Journal article
Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
The Lancet (British edition), Vol.392(10159), pp.1859-1922
2018
PMCID: PMC6252083
PMID: 30415748
Abstract
Background
How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severity of ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years.
Methods
We used data for age-specific mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Socio-demographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males.
Findings
Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1–7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3–65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7–73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0–5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3–12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1–33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8–15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3 years (5·9–6·7), from 57·0 years (54·6–59·1) in 1990 to 63·3 years (60·5–65·7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3·8 years (3·4–4·1) in high SDI countries to 10·5 years (9·8–11·2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1·0 year (0·4–1·7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62·4 years [59·9–64·7] in 1990 to 63·5 years [60·9–65·8] in 2017) to 23·7 years (21·9–25·6) in Eritrea (30·7 years [28·9–32·2] in 1990 to 54·4 years [51·5–57·1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1·4 years (0·6–2·3) in Algeria to 11·9 years (10·9–12·9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75·8 years [72·4–78·7]) and males (72·6 years [69·8–75·0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47·0 years [43·7–50·2] for females and 42·8 years [40·1–45·6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the five leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41·3% (38·8–43·5) for communicable diseases and by 49·8% (47·9–51·6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1% (36·8–43·0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18·1% (16·0–20·2).
Interpretation
With increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low SDI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health.
Details
- Title
- Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- Authors/Creators
- Hmwe Hmwe Kyu - University of WashingtonDegu Abate - Haramaya UniversityKalkidan Hassen Abate - Jimma UniversitySolomon M. Abay - Addis Ababa UniversityCristiana Abbafati - Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Law Philosophy & Econ Studies, Rome, ItalyNooshin Abbasi - University of TehranHedayat Abbastabar - University of TehranFoad Abd-Allah - Cairo UniversityJemal Abdela - Haramaya UniversityAhmed Abdelalim - Cairo UniversityIbrahim Abdollahpour - Arak UniversityRizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader - Manonmaniam Sundaranar UniversityMolla Abebe - University of GondarZegeye Abebe - University of GondarOlifan Zewdie Abil - Wollega UniversityVictor Aboyans - Dupuytren Univ Hosp, Dept Cardiol, Limoges, FranceAklilu Roba Abrham - Haramaya UniversityLaith Jamal Abu-Raddad - College Station Medical CenterNiveen M. E. Abu-Rmeileh - Birzeit UniversityManfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi - Benin Clin Res Inst IRCB, Cotonou, BeninDilaram Acharya - Dongguk UniversityPawan Acharya - Nepal Dev Soc, Pokhara, NepalIlana N. Ackerman - Monash UniversityAbdu A. Adamu - Stellenbosch UniversityOladimeji M. Adebayo - College Station Medical CenterVictor Adekanmbi - Cardiff UniversityZanfina Ademi - Monash UniversityOlatunji O. Adetokunboh - Stellenbosch UniversityMina G. Adib - St Mark Hosp, Emergency Dept, Alexandria, EgyptJose C. Adsuar - Universidad de ExtremaduraKossivi Agbelenko Afanvi - University of LoméMohsen Afarideh - University of TehranAshkan Afshin - University of WashingtonGina Agarwal - McMaster UniversityKareha M. Agesa - University of WashingtonRakesh Aggarwal - College Station Medical CenterSargis Aghasi Aghayan - Yerevan State UniversityAnurag Agrawal - CSIR, Inst Cenom & Integrat Biol, Res Area Informat & Big Data, Delhi, IndiaAlireza Ahmadi - College Station Medical CenterMehdi Ahmadi - College Station Medical CenterHamid Ahmadieh - Shahid Beheshti UniversityMuktar Beshir Ahmed - Jimma UniversitySayem Ahmed - Int Ctr Diarrhoeal Dis Res, Hlth Syst & Populat Studies Div, Dhaka, BangladeshAmani Nidhal Aichour - Univ Eerhat Abbas Setif, Setif, AlgeriaIbtihel Aichour - Univ Eerhat Abbas Setif, Setif, AlgeriaMiloud Taki Eddine Aichour - Supreme Council Of HealthTomi Akinyemiju - University of KentuckyNadia Akseer - University of TorontoZiyad Al-Aly Ayman - College Station Medical CenterAyman Al-Eyadhy - King Saud UniversityHesham M. Al-Mekhlafi - Jazan UniversityRajaa M. Al-Raddadi - King Abdulaziz UniversityFares Alahdab - Mayo Clin, Fdn Med Educ & Res, Evidence Based Practice Ctr, Rochester, MN USAKhurshid Alam - Univ Western Australia, Sch Populat & Global Hlth, Perth, WA, AustraliaTahiya Alam - University of WashingtonAlaa Alashi - College Station Medical CenterSeyed Moayed Alavian - College Station Medical CenterKefyalew Addis Alene - University of GondarMehran Alijanzadeh - College Station Medical CenterReza Alizadeh-Navaei - College Station Medical CenterSyed Mohamed Aljunid - Kuwait UniversityAla'a Alkerwi - Luxembourg Inst Hlth, Dept Populat Hlth, Strassern, LuxembourgFrancois Alla - Université de BordeauxPeter Allebeck - Karolinska InstitutetJordi Alonso - College Station Medical CenterUbai Alsharif - Univ Hosp Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Dept Oral & Maxillofacial Surg, Bochum, GermanyKhalid Altirkawi - King Saud UniversityNelson Alvis-Guzman - University of CartagenaLeopold N. Aminde - Univ Queensland, Sch Publ Hlth, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaErfan Amini - University of TehranMohammadreza Amiresmaili - College Station Medical CenterWalid Ammar - Fed Minist Hlth, Beirut, LebanonYaw Ampem Amoako - College Station Medical CenterNahla Hamed Anber - Mansoura UniversityCatalina Liliana Andrei - College Station Medical CenterSofia Androudi - University of ThessalyMegbaru Debalkie Animut - Arba Minch UniversityMina Anjomshoa - University of TehranMustafa Geleto Ansha - Debre Berhan UniversityCarl Abelardo T. Antonio - University of the Philippines ManilaPalwasha AnwariJalal Arabloo - College Station Medical CenterOlatunde Aremu - Birmingham City UniversityJohan Arnlov - Karolinska InstitutetAmit Arora - Western Sydney UniversityMegha Arora - University of WashingtonAl Artaman - University of ManitobaKrishna K. Aryal - Abt Associates Nepal, Monitoring Evaluat & Operat Res Project, Lalitpur, NepalHamid Asayesh - College Station Medical CenterZerihun Ataro - Haramaya UniversityMarcel Ausloos - University of LeicesterLeticia Avila-Burgos - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Hlth Syst Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoEuripide F. G. A. Avokpaho - Benin Clin Res Inst IRCB, Cotonou, BeninAshish Awasthi - Indian Inst Publ Hlth, Gandhinagar, IndiaBeatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla - La Trobe UniversityRakesh Ayer - The University of TokyoPeter S. Azzopardi - Burnet InstituteArefeh Babazadeh - Ctr Infect Dis Res, Babol Sar, IranHamid Badali - College Station Medical CenterKalpana Balakrishnan - College Station Medical CenterAyele Geleto Bali - Haramaya UniversityMaciej Banach - College Station Medical CenterJoseph Adel Mattar Banoub - Alexandria UniversityAleksandra Barac - Clin Ctr Serbia, Clin Infect & Trop Dis, Belgrade, SerbiaMiguel A. Barboza - Costa Rican Dept Social Secur, Dept Neurosci, San Jose, Costa RicaSuzanne Lyn Barker-Collo - University of AucklandTill Winfried Bamighausen - Heidelberg Univ, Inst Publ Hlth, Heidelberg, GermanySimon Barquera - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoLope H. Barrero - Pontifical Javeriana Univ, Dept Ind Engn, Bogota, ColombiaShahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi - Drew UniversityNeeraj Bedi - Jazan UniversityEttore Beghi - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Dept Neurosci, Milan, ItalyMasoud Behzadifar - Lorestan UniversityMeysam Behzadifar - College Station Medical CenterBayu Begashaw Bekele - University of GondarEyasu Tamru Bekru - Wolaita Sodo UniversityAbate Bekele Belachew - Mekelle UniversityYihalem Abebe Belay - Debre Markos UniversityMichelle L. Bell - Yale UniversityAminu K. Bello - University of AlbertaDerrick A. Bennett - University of OxfordIsabela M. Bensenor - University of Sao PauloAdugnaw Berhane - Addis Ababa UniversityEduardo Bernabe - Kings Coll London, Dent Inst, London, EnglandRobert S. Bernstein - Emory UniversityMircea Beuran - College Station Medical Center'Find Beyranvand - College Station Medical CenterNeeraj Bhala - College Station Medical CenterSamir Bhatt - Imperial Coll London, London, EnglandSoumyadeep Bhaumik - The George Institute for Global HealthZulfiqar A. Bhutta - University of TorontoBelete Biadgo - University of GondarMolly H. Biehl - University of WashingtonAli Bijani - College Station Medical CenterBoris Bikbov - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Dept Renal Med, Milan, ItalyVer Bilano - Biostat (United States)Nigus Bililign - Woldia UniversityMuhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed - ACTDonal Bisanzio - RTI InternationalTone Bjorge - University of BergenArchie Bleyer - College Station Medical CenterEshetu Mulisa Bobasa - Jimma UniversityIbrahim R. Bou-Orm - Minist Publ Hlth, Beirut, LebanonSoufiane Boufous - Univ New South Wales, Transport & Rd Safety Res, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaRupert Bourne - Anglia Ruskin UniversityOliver J. Brady - Supreme Council Of HealthLuisa C. Brant - Supreme Council Of HealthCarol Brayne - University of CambridgeAlexandra Brazinova - Comenius University BratislavaNicholas J. K. Breitborde - The Ohio State UniversityHermann Brenner - Heidelberg (Poland)Paul Svitil Briant - University of WashingtonAndrey Nikolaevich Briko - College Station Medical CenterGabrielle Britton - City of KnowledgeTraolach Brugha - University of LeicesterRachelle Buchbinder - Monash UniversityReinhard Busse - Charite Univ Med Ctr Berlin, Inst Publ Hlth, Berlin, GermanyZahid A. Butt - University of British ColumbiaLucero Cahuana-Hurtado - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Hlth Syst Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoJulio Cesar Campuzano Rincon - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoJorge Cano - Supreme Council Of HealthRosario Cardenas - Metropolitan Autonomous Univ, Dept Populat & Hlth, Mexico City, DF, MexicoJuan J. Carrero - Karolinska InstitutetAustin Carter - University of WashingtonFelix Carvalho - Universidade do PortoCarlos A. Castaneda-Orjuela - Natl Inst Hlth, Colombian Natl Hlth Observ, Bogota, ColombiaJacqueline Castillo Rivas - Costa Rican Dept Social Secur, Area Estadist, Direcc Actuarial, San Jose, Costa RicaFranz Castro - Mécanique et Engrenage Moderne (France)Ferran Catala-Lopez - Inst Hlth Carlos III, Dept Hlth Planning & Econ, Madrid, SpainKelly M. Cercy - University of WashingtonEster Cerin - Australian Catholic UniversityYazan Chaiah - Alfaisal UniversityJung-Chen Chang - College Station Medical CenterFiona J. Charlson - University of WashingtonVijay Kumar Chattu - Univ West Indies, Fac Med Sci, St Augustine, Trinidad TobagoPeggy Pei-Chia Chiang - Gold Coast Hlth, Clin Governance, Gold Coast, Qld, AustraliaAbdulaal Chitheer - Minist Hlth, Baghdad, IraqJee-Young J. Choi - Seoul Natl Univ Hosp, Biomed Sci, Biochem, Seoul, South KoreaHanne Christensen - University of CopenhagenDevasahayam J. Christopher - College Station Medical CenterSheng-Chia Chung - UCL, Dept Hlth Informat, London, EnglandFlavia M. Cicuttini - Monash UniversityMassimo Cirillo - University of SalernoDaniel Collado-Mateo - Universidad de ExtremaduraCyrus Cooper - University of SouthamptonPaolo Angelo Cortesi - University of Milano-BicoccaMonica Cortinovis - Mylan (Switzerland)Ewerton Cousin - Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Postgrad Program Epidemiol, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilMichael H. Criqui - College Station Medical CenterElizabeth A. Cromwell - University of WashingtonMarita Cross - The University of SydneyJohn A. Crump - Univ Otago, Ctr Int Hlth, Dunedin, New ZealandAlemneh Kabeta Daba - Hawassa UniversityBerihun Assefa Dachew - University of GondarAbel Fekadu Dadi - University of GondarLalit Dandona - University of WashingtonRakhi Dandona - University of WashingtonPaul I. Dargan - College Station Medical CenterAhmad Daryani - College Station Medical CenterRajat Das Gupta - BRAC UniversityJose Das Neves - Universidade do PortoTamirat Tesfaye Dasa - Haramaya UniversityDragos Virgil Davitoiu - College Station Medical CenterFernando Pio De la Hoz - Univ Nacl Colombia, Dept Publ Hlth, Bogota, ColombiaDiego De Leo - Griffith Univ, Australian Inst Suicide Res & Prevent, Mt Gravatt, Qld, AustraliaJan-Walter De Neve - Heidelberg Univ, Inst Global Hlth, Heidelberg, GermanyHans De Steur - Univ Ghent, Dept Agr Econ, Ghent, BelgiumMeaza Girma Degefa - Mekelle UniversityLouisa Degenhardt - University of WashingtonSelina Deiparine - University of WashingtonGebre Teklemariam Demoz - Addis Ababa UniversityEdgar Denova-Gutierrez - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Nutr & Hlth Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoKebede Deribe - Addis Ababa UniversityNikolaos Dervenis - Natl Hlth Serv Scotland, Informat Serv Div, Edinburgh, Midlothian, ScotlandDon C. Des Jarlais - Supreme Council Of HealthSubhojit Dey - Disha Fdn, Gurgaon, IndiaSamath D. Dharmaratne - University of WashingtonMeghnath Dhimal - Nepal Hlth Res Council, Hlth Res Sect, Kathmandu, NepalMesfin Tadese Dinberu - Debre Berhan UniversityM. Ashworth Dirac - University of WashingtonShirin Djalalinia - College Station Medical CenterLinh Doan - Trường ĐH Nguyễn Tất ThànhKlara Dokova - College Station Medical CenterDavid Teye Doku - University of Cape CoastE. Ray Dorsey - University of RochesterKerrie E. Doyle - RMIT Univ, Sch Hlth & Biomed Sci, Bundoora, Vic, AustraliaTim Robert Driscoll - The University of SydneyManisha Dubey - World Food ProgrammeEleonora Dubljanin - University of BelgradeEyasu Ejeta Duken - Jimma UniversityBruce B. Duncan - Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Postgrad Program Epidemiol, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilAndre R. Duraes - Supreme Council Of HealthHedyeh Ebrahimi - University of TehranSoheil Ebrahimpour - Ctr Infect Dis Res, Babol Sar, IranMichelle M. Echko - University of WashingtonDumessa Edessa - Haramaya UniversityDavid Edvardsson - La Trobe UniversityAndem Effiong - Biostat (United States)Anne Elise Eggen - College Station Medical CenterJoshua R. Ehrlich - Univ Michigan, Inst Hlth Care Policy & Innovat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USACharbel El Bcheraoui - University of WashingtonZiad El-Khatib - Karolinska InstitutetIqbal R. F. Elyazar - Eijkman Institute for Molecular BiologyAhmadali Enayati - Supreme Council Of HealthMelese Linger Endalifer - Woldia UniversityAman Yesuf Endries - Millennium Engineering and Integration (United States)Benjamin Er - Minist Hlth, Singapore, SingaporeHolly E. Erskine - Univ Queensland, Sch Publ Hlth, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaSharareh Eskandarieh - University of TehranAlireza Esteghamati - University of TehranSadaf Esteghamati - University of TehranHamed Fakhim - Urmia UniversityMahbobeh Faramarzi - College Station Medical CenterMohammad Fareed - Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic UniversityFarzaneh Farhadi - College Station Medical CenterTalha A. Farid - University of LouisvilleCarla Sofia E. Sa Farinha - Natl Stat Off, Lisbon, PortugalAndrea Farioli - University of BolognaAndre Faro - Univ Fed Sergipe, Dept Psychol, Sao Cristovao, BrazilFarshad Farzadfar - University of TehranAli Akbar Fazaeli - College Station Medical CenterValery L. Feigin - University of WashingtonNetsanet Fentahun - Bahir Dar UniversitySeyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad - Karolinska InstitutetEduarda Fernandes - Universidade do PortoJoao C. Fernandes - Universidade Católica PortuguesaAlize J. Ferrari - Univ Queensland, Sch Publ Hlth, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaManuela L. Ferreira - The University of SydneyIrina Filip - Kaiser PermanenteFlorian Fischer - Bielefeld UniversityChristina Fitzmaurice - University of WashingtonNataliya A. Foigt - College Station Medical CenterKyle J. Foreman - University of WashingtonTahvi D. Frank - University of WashingtonTakeshi Fukumoto - Gene (China)Nancy PullmanThomas Furst - Swiss Trop & Publ Hlth Inst, Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Basel, SwitzerlandJoao M. Furtado - University of Sao PauloEmmanuela Gakidou - University of WashingtonSeana Gall - Monash UniversitySilvano Gallus - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Milan, ItalyMorsaleh Ganji - University of TehranAlberto L. Garcia-Basteiro - Manhica Hlth Res Ctr, TB, Manhica, MozambiqueWilliam M. Gardner - University of WashingtonAbadi Kahsu Gebre - Mekelle UniversityAmanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin - Jimma UniversityTeklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael - Mekelle UniversityTilayie Feto Gelano - Haramaya UniversityJohanna M. Geleijnse - Wageningen University & ResearchRicard Genova-Maleras - Reg Hlth Council, Directorate Gen Publ Hlth, Madrid, SpainYilma Chisha Dea Geramo - Arba Minch UniversityPeter W. Gething - University of OxfordKebede Embaye Gezae - Mekelle UniversityMohammad Rasoul Ghadami - College Station Medical CenterKeyghobad Ghadiri - College Station Medical CenterMaryam Ghasemi-Kasman - College Station Medical CenterMamata Ghimire - University of TsukubaAloke Gopal Ghoshal - College Station Medical CenterParamjit Singh Gill - University of WarwickTiffany K. Gill - Univ Adelaide, Adelaide Med Sch, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaIbrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi - University of Ha'ilGiorgia Giussani - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Dept Neurosci, Milan, ItalyElena V. Gnedovskaya - Res Ctr Neurol, Moscow, RussiaEllen M. Goldberg - University of WashingtonSrinivas Goli - Jawahar Lal Nehru Univ, Ctr Study Reg Dev, New Delhi, IndiaHector Gomez-Dantes - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Hlth Syst Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoPhilimon N. Gona - Univ Massachusetts, Nursing & Hlth Sci Dept, Boston, MA 02125 USASameer Vali Gopalani - University of OklahomaTaren M. Gorman - University of WashingtonAlessandra C. Goulart - University of Sao PauloBarbara Niegia Garcia Goulart - Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Postgrad Program Epidemiol, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilAyman Grada - Boston UniversityGiuseppe Grosso - Integra (United States)Harish Chander Gugnani - Supreme Council Of HealthFrancis Guillemin - Université de LorraineYuming Guo - Monash UniversityPrakash C. Gupta - Harvard UniversityRahul Gupta - West Virginia Bur Publ Hlth, Commissioner Publ Hlth, Charleston, WV USARajeev GuptaTanush Gupta - The Bronx DefendersReyna Alma Gutierrez - Ramon De La Dictate Muniz Natl Inst Psychiat, Dept Epidemiol & Psychosociai Res, Mexico City, DF, MexicoBishal Gyawali - Nepal Dev Soc, Dept Noncommunicable Dis, Pokhara, NepalJuanita A. Haagsma - College Station Medical CenterVladimir Hachinski - Western UniversityNima Hafezi-Nejad - University of TehranHassan Haghparast Bidgoli - UCL, Inst Global Hlth, London, EnglandTekleberhan B. Hagos - Mekelle UniversityTewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis - Haramaya UniversityArvin Haj-Mirzaian - University of TehranArya Haj-Mirzaian - University of TehranRandah R. Hamadeh - Arabian Gulf UniversitySamer Hamidi - Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart UniversityAlexis J. Handal - Univ New Mexico, Populat Hlth Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USAGraeme J. Hankey - Univ Western Australia, Sch Med, Perth, WA, AustraliaYuantao Hao - Sun Yat-sen UniversityHilda L. Harb - Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Vital & Hlth Stat, Beirut, LebanonSivadasanpillai Harikrishnan - College Station Medical CenterHamidreza Haririan - Tabriz Univ Medical Sci, Tabriz, IranJosep Maria Haro - Sum Juan De Dios Sanitary Pk, Res & Dev Unit, St Boi De Llobregat, SpainHadi Hassankhani - Tabriz Univ Medical Sci, Tabriz, IranHamid Yimam Hassen - Mizan Tepi UniversityRasmus Havmoeller - Karolinska Univ Hosp, Clin Sci, Stockholm, SwedenRoderick J. Hay - Kings Coll London, St Johns Inst Dermatol, London, EnglandSimon I. Hay - University of WashingtonAkbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran - College Station Medical CenterBehzad Heibati - College Station Medical CenterDelia Hendrie - Curtin UniversityAndualem Henok - Mizan Tepi UniversityIleana Heredia-Pi - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Hlth Syst Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoClaudiu Herteliu - Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, RomaniaFatemeh Heydarpour - College Station Medical CenterPouria Heydarpour - University of TehranDesalegn Tsegaw Hibstu - Hawassa UniversityHans W. Hoek - College Station Medical CenterHoward J. Hoffman - Natl Inst Hlth, Natl Inst Deafness & Other Commun Disorders, Bogota, ColombiaMichael K. Hole - Univ Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USAEnayatollah Homaie Rad - Supreme Council Of HealthPraveen Hoogar - Manipal Univ, Transdisciplinary Ctr Qualitat Methods, Manipal, Karnataka, IndiaH. Dean Hosgood - The Bronx DefendersSeyed Mostafa Hosseini - University of TehranMehdi Hosseinzadeh - College Station Medical CenterMihaela Hostiuc - College Station Medical CenterSorin Hostiuc - College Station Medical CenterPeter J. Hotez - Supreme Council Of HealthDamian G. Hoy - The University of SydneyMohamed Hsairi - Supreme Council Of HealthAung Soe Htet - Minist Hlth & Sports, Int Relat Div, Naypyidaw, MyanmarJohn J. Huang - Yale UniversityKim Moesgaard Iburg - Aarhus University (Denmark)Chad Thomas Ikeda - University of WashingtonOlayinka Stephen Ilesanmi - University of LiberiaSeyed Sina Naghibi Irvani - University of TehranCaleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine - University of WashingtonSheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam - The University of SydneyFarhad Islami - Amer Canc Soc, Surveillance & Hlth Serv Res, Atlanta, GA 30329 USAKathryn H. Jacobsen - George Mason UniversityLeila Jahangiry - College Station Medical CenterNader Jahanmehr - Shahid Beheshti UniversitySudhir Kumar Jain - Natl Ctr Dis Control Delhi, Dept Parasit Dis, Delhi, IndiaMihajlo Jakovljevic - University of KragujevacSpencer L. James - University of WashingtonAchala Upendra Jayatilleke - University of ColomboPanniyammakal Jeemon - College Station Medical CenterRavi Praikash Jha - Banaras Hindu UniversityVivekanand Jha - University of OxfordJohn S. Ji - Duke Kunshan UniversityCatherine O. Johnson - University of WashingtonJost B. Jonas - Heidelberg UniversityJitendra Jonnagaddala - Univ New South Wales, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaZahra Jorjoran Shushtari - Univ Social Welf & Rehabil Sci Tehran, Tehran, IranAnkur Joshi - College Station Medical CenterJacek Jerzy Jozwiak - College Station Medical CenterSuresh Banayya Jungari - Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityMikk Jurisson - University of TartuZubair Kabir - Supreme Council Of HealthRajendra Kadel - Supreme Council Of HealthAmaha Kahsay - Mekelle UniversityRizwan Kalani - University of WashingtonTanuj Kanchan - College Station Medical CenterChittaranjan Kar - College Station Medical CenterManoochehr Karami - College Station Medical CenterBehzad Karami Matin - College Station Medical CenterAndre Karch - Helmholtz Ctr Infect Res, Dept Epidemiol, Braunschweig, GermanyCorine Karema - Swiss Trop & Publ Hlth Inst, Malaria Vaccines, Basel, SwitzerlandNarges Karimi - College Station Medical CenterSeyed M. Karimi - University of WashingtonAmir Kasaeian - University of TehranDessalegn H. Kassa - Debre Markos UniversityGetachew Mullu Kassa - Debre Markos UniversityTesfaye Dessale Kassa - Mekelle UniversityNicholas J. Kassebaum - University of WashingtonSrinivasa Vittal Katikireddi - University of GlasgowAnil Kaul - Oklahoma State UniversityNorito Kawakami - The University of TokyoZhila Kazemi - College Station Medical CenterAli Kazemi Karyani - College Station Medical CenterMasoud Masoud Keighobadi - College Station Medical CenterPeter Njenga Keiyoro - University of NairobiLaura Kemmer - University of WashingtonGrant Rodgers Kemp - University of WashingtonAndre Pascal Kengne - College Station Medical CenterAndre Keren - Assuta Hosp, Inst Cardiol, Tel Aviv Yaffo, IsraelYousef Saleh Khader - College Station Medical CenterBehzad Khafaei - Islamic Azad University, TehranMorteza Abdullatif Khafaie - College Station Medical CenterAlireza Khajavi - Shahid Beheshti UniversityNauman Khalid - Supreme Council Of HealthIbrahim A. Khalil - University of WashingtonEjaz Ahnead Khan - Biostat (United States)Muhammad Shahzeb Khan - College Station Medical CenterMuhammad Ali Khan - University of AlabamaYoung-Ho Khang - Seoul Natl Univ, Inst Hlth Policy & Management, Seoul, South KoreaMona M. Khater - Cairo UniversityMohammad Khazaei - College Station Medical CenterAbdullah T. Khoja - Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic UniversityArdeshir Khosravi - College Station Medical CenterMohammad Hossein Khosravi - College Station Medical CenterAliasghar A. Kiadaliri - Lund UniversityZelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam - Haramaya UniversityDaniel N. Kiirithio - Kenya Revenue Author, Res Dept, Nairobi, KenyaCho-Il Kim - Korea Hlth Ind Dev Inst, Cheongju, South KoreaDaniel Kim - Northeastern UniversityYoung-Eun Kim - Korea Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Seoul, South KoreaYon Jin KimRuth W. Kimokoti - Simmons Coll, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USAYohannes Kinfu - University of CanberraAdnan Kisa - University of OsloKatarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek - Jagiellonian UniversityAnn Kristin Skrindo Knudsen - University of BergenJonathan M. Kocarnik - University of WashingtonSonali Kochhar - University of WashingtonYoshihiro Kokubo - Natl Cerebral & Cardiovasc Ctr, Dept Prevent Cardiol, Suita, Osaka, JapanTufa Kolola - Debre Berhan UniversityJacek A. Kopec - University of British ColumbiaSoewarta KosenGeorgios A. Kotsakis - University of WashingtonParvaiz A. Koul - College Station Medical CenterAi Koyanagi - Sum Juan De Dios Sanitary Pk, Res & Dev Unit, St Boi De Llobregat, SpainKewal Krishan - Panjab UniversitySanjay Krishnaswami - Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Surg, Portland, OR 97201 USAKristopher J. Krohn - University of WashingtonBarthelemy Kuate Defo - Université de MontréalBurcu Kucuk Bicer - Ankara (Czechia)G. Anil Kumar - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, IndiaManasi Kumar - UCL, Dept Psychol, London, EnglandIgor Kuzin - University of Washington, SeattleDeepesh P. Lad - College Station Medical CenterSheetal D. Lad - College Station Medical CenterAlessandra Lafranconi - University of Milano-BicoccaRatilal Lalloo - Univ Queensland, Sch Dent, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaTea Lallukka - Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Populat & Work Abil Program, Helsinki, FinlandFaris Hasan Lami - College Station Medical CenterJustin J. Lang - Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Hlth Promot & Chron Dis Prevent Branch, Ottawa, ON, CanadaSinead M. Langan - Supreme Council Of HealthVan C. Itansingh - HelpMeSee, New York, NY USAArman Latifi - College Station Medical CenterKathryn Mei-Ming Lau - University of WashingtonJeffrey V. Lazarus - Barcelona Inst Global Hlth, Barcelona, SpainJanet L. Leasher - Nova Southeastern UniversityJorge R. Ledesma - University of WashingtonPaul H. Lee - Supreme Council Of HealthJames Leigh - The University of SydneyMostafa Leili - College Station Medical CenterCheru Tesema Leshargie - Debre Markos UniversityJanni Leung - Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaMiriam Levi - Florence (Netherlands)Sonia Lewycka - University of OxfordShanshan Li - Monash UniversityYichong Li - Shenzhen Sun Yat Sen Cardiovasc Hosp, Dept Clin Res & Epidemiol, Shenzhen, Peoples R ChinaXiaofeng Liang - Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Beijing, Peoples R ChinaYu Liao - Sun Yat-sen UniversityMisgan Legesse Liben - Samara Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Samara, EthiopiaLee-Ling Lim - Univ Malaya, Dept Med, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaStephen S. Lim - University of WashingtonMiteku Andualem Limenih - University of GondarShai LinnShiwei Liu - Ctr Chron Dis Control, Beijing, Peoples R ChinaKatharine J. Looker - University of BristolAlan D. Lopez - University of WashingtonStefan Lorkowski - Friedrich Schiller University JenaPaulo A. Lotufo - University of Sao PauloRafael Lozano - University of WashingtonTim C. D. Lucas - University of OxfordRaimundas Lunevicius - Aintree Univ Hosp Natl Hlth Serv NHS Fdn Trust, Gen Surg Dept, Liverpool, Merseyside, EnglandRonan A. Lyons - Swansea UniversityStefan Ma - Minist Hlth, Epidemiol & Dis Control, Singapore, SingaporeErlyn Rachelle King Macarayan - University of the Philippines ManilaMark T. Mackay - Royal Childrens Hosp, Neurol Dept, Melbourne, Vic, AustraliaEmilie R. Maddison - University of WashingtonFabiana Madotto - University of Milano-BicoccaDhaval P. Maghavani - College Station Medical CenterHue Thi Mai - Duy Tan UniversityMarek Majdan - Trnava Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Trnava, SlovakiaReza Majdzadeh - University of TehranAzeem Majeed - Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, EnglandReza Malekzadeh - Shiraz UniversityDeborah Carvalho Malta - Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Maternal & Child Nursing & Publ Hlth, Belo Horizonte, MG, BrazilAbdullah A. Mamun - Univ Queensland, Inst Social Sci Res, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaAna-Laura Manda - Emergency UniversityHelena Manguerra - University of WashingtonMohammad Ali Mansournia - University of TehranAna Maria Mantilla Herrera - Univ Queensland, Sch Publ Hlth, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaLorenzo Giovanni Mantovani - University of Milano-BicoccaJoemer C. Maravilla - Univ Queensland, Inst Social Sci Res, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaWagner Marcenes - Kings Coll London, Div Patient & Populat, London, EnglandAshley Marks - University of WashingtonFrancisco Rogerlandio Martins-Melo - Federal ReserveIra Martopullo - University of WashingtonWinfried Marz - Heidelberg Univ, Med Clin 5, Heidelberg, GermanyMelvin B. Marzan - Univ East, Grad Sch, Ramon Magsaysay Mem Med Ctr, Quezon City, PhilippinesJoao Massano - Universidade do PortoBenjamin Ballard Massenburg - University of WashingtonManu Raj Mathur - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, IndiaPallab K. Maulik - The George Institute for Global HealthMohsen Mazidi - Chalmers University of TechnologyColm McAlinden - Lywel Dda Univ Hlth Board, Dept Ophthalmol, Carmarthen, Dyfed, WalesJohn J. McGrath - Univ Queensland, Queensland Brain Inst, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaMartin McKee - Supreme Council Of HealthBrian J. McMahon - University of WashingtonSuresh Mehata - Ipas Nepal, Res Monitoring & Evaluat, Kathmandu, NepalRavi Mehrotra - Natl Inst Canc Prevent & Res, Prevent Oncol, Noida, IndiaKala M. Mehta - Biostat (United States)Varshil Mehta - College Station Medical CenterFabiola Mejia-Rodriguez - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Invest Nutr & Salud, Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoTesfa Mekonen - Bahir Dar UniversityAddisu Melese - Debre Tabor UniversityMulugeta Melku - University of GondarPeter T. N. Memiah - Univ West Florida, Dept Publ Hlth, Pensacola, FL 32514 USAZiad A. Memish - Alfaisal UniversityWalter Mendoza - United NationsGetnet Mengistu - Haramaya UniversityGeorge A. Mensah - NIH, Ctr Translat Res & Implementat Sci, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USASeid Tiku Mereta - Jimma UniversityAtte Meretoja - The University of MelbourneTuomo J. Meretoja - University of HelsinkiTemislav Mestrovic - Dr Zora Ozic Polyclin, Clin Microbiol & Parasitol Unit, Zagreb, CroatiaBartosz Miazgowski - College Station Medical CenterTomasz Miazgowski - College Station Medical CenterAnoushka I. Millear - University of WashingtonTed R. Miller - Curtin UniversityG. K. Mini - College Station Medical CenterMojde Mirarefin - Nevada Div Publ & Behav Hlth, Carson City, NV USAAndreea Mirica - Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, RomaniaErkin M. Mirrakhimov - College Station Medical CenterAwoke Temesgen Misganaw - University of WashingtonPhilip B. Mitchell - Univ New South Wales, Sch Psychiat, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaHabtamu Mitiku - Haramaya UniversityBabak Moazen - Heidelberg Univ, Inst Publ Hlth, Heidelberg, GermanyBahram Mohajer - University of TehranKarzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad - The University of SydneyMoslem Mohammadi - College Station Medical CenterNoushin Mohammadifard - College Station Medical CenterMousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi - College Station Medical CenterMohammed A. Mohammed - Jigjiga UniversityShafiu Mohammed - Heidelberg Univ, Inst Publ Hlth, Heidelberg, GermanyFarnam Mohebi - University of TehranAli H. Mokdad - University of WashingtonMariam Molokhia - College Station Medical CenterLorenzo Monasta - Burlo Garofolo Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Clin Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Res Unit, Trieste, ItalyJulio Cesar Montanez - Natl Hlth Res Inst, Hlth Syst Res Ctr, Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoMahmood Moosazadeh - College Station Medical CenterGhobad Moradi - Biostat (United States)Mahmoudreza Moradi - College Station Medical CenterMaziar Moradi-Lakeh - College Station Medical CenterMehdi Moradinazar - College Station Medical CenterPaula Moraga - Lancaster University GhanaLidia Morawska - Queensland University of TechnologyIlais Moreno Velasquez - Mécanique et Engrenage Moderne (France)Joana Morgado-Da-Costa - Hosp Sto Antonio, Hosp Ctr Porto, Porto, PortugalShane Douglas Morrison - University of WashingtonMarilita M. Moschos - National and Kapodistrian University of AthensSeyyed Meysam Mousavi - University of TehranKalayu Brhane Mruts - Debre Berhan UniversityAchenef Asmamaw Muche - University of GondarKindie Fentahun Muchie - University of GondarUlrich Otto Mueller - Federal ReserveOumer Sada Muhammed - Addis Ababa UniversitySatinath Mukhopadhyay - College Station Medical CenterKate Muller - University of WashingtonJohn Everett Mumford - University of WashingtonG. V. S. Murthy - Indian Inst Publ Hlth, Hyderabad, IndiaKamarul Imran Musa - Supreme Council Of HealthGhulam Mustafa - College Station Medical CenterAshraf F. Nabhan - Ain Shams UniversityChie Nagata - Natl Ctr Child Hlth & Dev, Tokyo, JapanGabriele Nagel - College Station Medical CenterMohsen Naghavi - University of WashingtonAliya Naheed - Int Ctr Diarrhoeal Dis Res, Initiat Non Communicable Dis, Dhaka, BangladeshAzin Nahvijou - University of TehranGurudatta Naik - University of AlabamaFarid Najafi - Biostat (United States)Hae Sung Nam - Supreme Council Of HealthVinay Nangia - Suraj Eye InstituteJobert Richie Nansseu - Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Dis Epidem & Pandem Control, Beirut, LebanonNahid Neamati - College Station Medical CenterIonut Negoi - College Station Medical CenterRuxandra Irina Negoi - College Station Medical CenterSubas Neupane - University of TampereCharles Richard James Newton - University of OxfordJosephine W. Ngunjiri - University of EmbuAnh Quynh Nguyen - Supreme Council Of HealthGrant Nguyen - University of WashingtonHa Thu Nguyen - Supreme Council Of HealthHuong Lan Thi Nguyen - Duy Tan UniversityHuong Thanh NguyenLong Hoang Nguyen - Trường ĐH Nguyễn Tất ThànhMinh Nguyen - University of WashingtonNam Ba Nguyen - Trường ĐH Nguyễn Tất ThànhSon Hoang Nguyen - Trường ĐH Nguyễn Tất ThànhEmma Nichols - University of WashingtonDina Nur Anggraini Ningrum - State University of SemarangMolly R. Nixon - University of WashingtonShuhei Nomura - The University of TokyoMehdi Noroozi - Univ Social Welf & Rehabil Sci Tehran, Tehran, IranBo Norrving - Lund UniversityJean Jacques Noubiap - University of Cape TownHamid Reza Nouri - College Station Medical CenterMalihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh - College Station Medical CenterMohammad Reza Nowroozi - University of TehranElaine O. Nsoesie - University of WashingtonPeter S. Nyasulu - Stellenbosch UniversityChristopher M. Odell - University of WashingtonRichard Ofori-Asenso - Monash UniversityFelix Akpojene Ogbo - Western Sydney UniversityIn-Hwan Oh - Kyung Hee UniversityOlanrewaju Oladimeji - Human Sci Res Council, Dept HIV AIDS STIs & TB, Durban, South AfricaAndrew T. Olagunju - University of AdelaideTinuke O. Olagunju - McMaster UniversityPedro R. Olivares - University of ChileHelen Elizabeth Olsen - University of WashingtonBolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya - StartJacob Olusegun Olusanya - StartKanyin L. Ong - University of WashingtonSok King Ong - Minist Hlth, NCD Prevent & Control Unit, Bandar Seri Begawan, BruneiEyal Oren - University of Washington, SeattleAlberto Ortiz - Universidad Autónoma de MadridErika Ota - St Lukes Int Univ, Dept Global Hlth Nursing, Chuo Ku, Tokyo, JapanStanislav S. Otstavnov - Minist Hlth Russian Federat, Ctr Healthcare Qual Assessment & Control, Moscow, RussiaSimon Overland - University of BergenMayowa Ojo Owolabi - University of IbadanP. A. MaheshRosana Pacella - Queensland University of TechnologyAbhijit P. Pakhare - College Station Medical CenterAmir H. Pakpour - College Station Medical CenterAdrian Pana - Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, RomaniaSonghomitra Panda-Jonas - Heidelberg Univ, Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg, GermanyEun-Kee Park - Kosin UniversityJames Park - Harvard UniversityCharles D. H. Parry - Stellenbosch UniversityHadi Parsian - College Station Medical CenterYahya Pasdar - College Station Medical CenterShanti Patel - College Station Medical CenterSnehal T. Patil - College Station Medical CenterAjay Patle - Int Inst Populat Sci, Dept Populat Studies, Bombay, Maharashtra, IndiaGeorge C. Patton - The University of MelbourneVishnupriya Rao Paturi - Diabet Res Soc, Clin Res Dept, Hyderabad, IndiaDeepak Paudel - Save the ChildrenKatherine R. Paulson - University of WashingtonNeil Pearce - Supreme Council Of HealthAlexandre Pereira - Harvard UniversityDavid M. Pereira - Universidade do PortoNorberto Perico - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Dept Renal Med, Milan, ItalyKonrad PesudovsMax Petzold - University of GothenburgHai Quang Pham - Duy Tan UniversityMichael R. Phillips - Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityDavid M. Pigott - University of WashingtonJulian David Pillay - Durban University of TechnologyMichael A. Piradov - Res Ctr Neurol, Moscow, RussiaMeghdad Pirsaheb - College Station Medical CenterFarhad Pishgar - University of TehranOleguer Plana-Ripoll - Aarhus Univ, Natl Ctr Register Based Res, Aarhus, DenmarkSuzanne Polinder - College Station Medical CenterSvetlana Popova - University of TorontoMaarten J. Postma - College Station Medical CenterAkram Pourshams - University of TehranHossein Poustchi - University of TehranDorairaj Prabhakaran - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, IndiaSwayam Prakash - College Station Medical CenterV. Prakash - Charotar Univ Sci & Technol, Ashok & Rita Patel Inst Physiotherapy, Anand, Gujarat, IndiaNarayan Prasad - College Station Medical CenterCaroline A. Purcell - University of WashingtonMostafa Qorbani - College Station Medical CenterD. Alex Quistberg - Drexel UniversityAmir Radfar - AT Still Univ, Mesa, AZ USAAnwar Rafay - Contech (Canada)Alireza Rafiei - College Station Medical CenterFakher Rahim - College Station Medical CenterKazem Rahimi - University of OxfordZohreh Rahimi - College Station Medical CenterAfarin Rahimi-Movaghar - University of TehranVafa Rahimi-Movaghar - University of TehranMahfuzar Rahman - La Trobe UniversityMohammad Hifz Ur Rahman - Int Inst Populat Sci, Dept Publ Hlth & Mortal Studies, Bombay, Maharashtra, IndiaMuhammad Aziz RahmanSajjad Ur Rahman - Sweidi Hosp, Dept Clin Pediat, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaRajesh Kumar Rai - Soc Hlth & Demog Surveillance, Suri, IndiaFatemeh Rajati - College Station Medical CenterPnabhat Ranjan - University of AlabamaPuja C. Rao - University of WashingtonDavide Rasella - British Science AssociationDavid Laith Rawaf - Imperial Coll London, WHO, Collaborating Ctr Publ Hlth Educ & Training, London, EnglandSalman Rawaf - Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, EnglandK. Srinath Reddy - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, IndiaRobert C. Reiner - University of WashingtonMarissa Bettay Reitsma - University of WashingtonGiuseppe Remuzzi - Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Milan, ItalyAndre M. N. Renzaho - Western Sydney UniversitySerge Resnikoff - Brien Holden Vision InstituteSatar Rezaei - College Station Medical CenterMohammad Sadegh Rezai - College Station Medical CenterAntonio Luiz P. Ribeiro - Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Hosp Fed Univ Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, BrazilNicholas L. S. Roberts - University of WashingtonStephen R. Robinson - RMIT Univ, Dept Psychol, Bundoora, Vic, AustraliaLeonardo Roever - Federal ReserveLuca Ronfani - Burlo Garofolo Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Clin Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Res Unit, Trieste, ItalyGholamreza Roshandel - University of TehranAli Rostami - College Station Medical CenterGregory A. Roth - University of WashingtonDietrich Rothenbacher - College Station Medical CenterEnrico Rubagotti - Ikiam Amazon Reg Univ, Biotechnol, Ciudad De Tena, EcuadorPerminder S. Sachdev - Univ New South Wales, Sch Psychiat, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaNafis Sadat - University of WashingtonEhsan Sadeghi - College Station Medical CenterSahar Saeedi Moghaddam - University of TehranHosein Safari - College Station Medical CenterYahya Safari - College Station Medical CenterRoya Safari-Faramani - College Station Medical CenterMahdi Safdarian - University of TehranSare Safi - Shahid Beheshti UniversitySaeid Safiri - College Station Medical CenterRajesh Sagar - College Station Medical CenterAmirhossein Sahebkar - College Station Medical CenterMohammad Ali Sahraian - University of TehranHaniye Sadat Sajadi - University of TehranNasir Salam - Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic Univ, Coll Med, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaJoseph S. Salama - University of WashingtonPayman Salamati - University of TehranZikria Saleem - University of the PunjabYahya Salimi - Biostat (United States)Hamideh Salimzadeh - University of TehranJoshua A. Salomon - Stanford Univ, Ctr Hlth Policy, Stanford, CA 94305 USASundeep Santosh Salvi - Chest Res Fdn, Clin Res Div, Pune, Maharashtra, IndiaInbal Salz - Minist Hlth, Hlth & Disabil Intelligence Grp, Wellington, New ZealandAbdallah M. Samy - Ain Shams UniversityJuan Sanabria - Marshall UniversityMaria Dolores Sanchez-Nino - Jimenez Diaz Fdn Univ Hosp, Inst Hlth Res, Nephrol Grp, Madrid, SpainDamian Francesco Santomauro - Univ Queensland, Sch Publ Hlth, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaItamar S. Santos - University of Sao PauloJoso Vasco Santos - Universidade do PortoMilena M. Santric Milicevic - University of BelgradeBruno Piassi Sao Jose - Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Postgrad Program Infect Dis & Trop Med, Belo Horizonte, MG, BrazilMayank Sardana - Supreme Council Of HealthAbdur Razzaque Sarker - Int Ctr Diarrhoeal Dis Res, Hlth Econ & Financing Res Grp, Dhaka, BangladeshRodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez - College Station Medical CenterNizal Sarrafzadegan - University of British ColumbiaBenn Sartorius - Univ Kwazulu Natal, Dept Publ Hlth Med, Durban, South AfricaShahabeddin Sarvi - College Station Medical CenterBrijesh Sathian - College Station Medical CenterMaheswar Satpathy - Utkal UniversityArundhati R. Sawant - University of AlabamaMonika Sawhney - Univ N Carolina, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Charlotte, NC 28223 USASonia Saxena - Supreme Council Of HealthElke Schaeffner - Charite Univ Med Ctr Berlin, Inst Publ Hlth, Berlin, GermanyMaria Ines Schmidt - Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Postgrad Program Epidemiol, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilIone J. C. Schneider - Supreme Council Of HealthAletta Elisabeth Schutte - College Station Medical CenterDavid C. Schwebel - University of AlabamaFalk Schwendicke - Charité - Universitätsmedizin BerlinJames G. Scott - Univ Queensland, Sch Publ Hlth, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaMario Sekerija - University of ZagrebSadaf G. Sepanlou - University of TehranEdson Servan-Mori - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Hlth Syst Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoSeyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi - University of TehranHosein Shabaninejad - College Station Medical CenterAzadeh Shafieesabet - College Station Medical CenterMehdi Shahbazi - College Station Medical CenterAmira A. Shaheen - An Najah Natl Univ, Publ Hlth Div, Nablus, PalestineMasood Ali ShaikhMehran Shams-Beyranvand - University of TehranMohammadbagher Shamsi - College Station Medical CenterHeidar Sharafi - Middle East Liver Dis Ctr, Dept Mol Hepatol, Tehran, IranKiomars Sharafi - College Station Medical CenterMehdi Sharif - Islamic Azad Univ, Dept Lab Sci, Sari, IranMahdi Sharif-Alhoseini - University of TehranJayendra Sharma - Minist Hlth, Policy & Planning Div, Thimphi, BhutanRajesh Sharma - Supreme Council Of HealthJun She - Fudan UniversityAziz Sheikh - Harvard UniversityPeilin Shi - Tufts UniversityKenji Shibuya - The University of TokyoMekonnen Sisay Shiferaw - Haramaya UniversityMika Shigematsu - Natl Inst Infect Dis, Tokyo, JapanRahman Shiri - Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, FinlandReza Shirkoohi - University of TehranIvy Shiue - Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergYalda Shokoohinia - College Station Medical CenterFarhad Shokraneh - University of NottinghamHaitham Shoman - Imperial Coll London, WHO, Collaborating Ctr Publ Hlth Educ & Training, London, EnglandMark G. Shrime - Harvard UniversitySi Si - Monash UniversitySoraya Siabani - College Station Medical CenterAbla Mehio Sibai - Amer Univ Beirut, Dept Epidemiol & Populat Hlth, Beirut, LebanonTariq J. Siddiqi - College Station Medical CenterInga Dora Sigfusdottir - Columbia UniversityRannveig Sigurvinsdottir - Reykjavík UniversityDiego Augusto Santos Silva - Supreme Council Of HealthJoao Pedro Silva - Universidade do PortoDayane Gabriele Alves Silveira - Federal ReserveNarayana Sarma Venkata Singam - University of LouisvilleJasvinder A. Singh - University of AlabamaNarinder Pal Singh - Max (Japan)Virendra Singh - College Station Medical CenterDhirendra Narain Sinha - Healis Sekhsaria Inst Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Bombay, Maharashtra, IndiaEirini Skiadaresi - Lywel Dda Univ Hlth Board, Dept Ophthalmol, Carmarthen, Dyfed, WalesVegard Skirbekk - Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Bergen, NorwayKaren Sliwa - University of Cape TownDavid L. Smith - University of WashingtonMari Smith - University of WashingtonAdauto Martins Soares Filho - Fed Minist Hlth, Dept Dis & Noncommunicable Dis & Hlth Promot, Beirut, LebanonBadr Hasan Sobaih - King Saud UniversitySoheila Sobhani - University of TehranMoslem Soofi - College Station Medical CenterReed J. D. Sorensen - University of WashingtonIreneous N. Soyiri - University of EdinburghLuciano A. Sposato - Univ Western Ontario, Clin Neurol Sci, London, ON, CanadaChandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy - College Station Medical CenterVinay Srinivasan - University of WashingtonJeffrey D. Stanaway - University of WashingtonVladimir I. Starodubov - Minist Hlth, FRIHOI, Moscow, RussiaDan J. Stein - College Station Medical CenterCaitlyn Steiner - University of WashingtonTimothy J. Steiner - Imperial Coll London, Div Brain Sci, London, EnglandMark A. Stokes - Deakin Univ, Dept Psychol, Burwood, Vic, AustraliaLars Jacob Stovner - Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Neuromed & Movement Sci, Trondheim, NorwayMichelle L. Subart - University of WashingtonAgus Sudaryanto - Muhammadiyah University of SurakartaMu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan - Ahmadu Bello UniversityGerhard Sulo - Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Bergen, NorwayBruno F. Sunguya - Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dept Community Hlth, Dar Es Salaam, TanzaniaPatrick John Sur - University of WashingtonBryan L. Sykes - Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Criminol Law & Soc, Irvine, CA USAP. N. Sylaja - College Station Medical CenterDillon O. Sylte - University of WashingtonCassandra E. I. Szoeke - Australian Catholic UniversityRafael Tabares-Seisdedos - Universitat de ValènciaTakahiro Tabuchi - Osaka Int Canc Inst, Canc Control Ctr, Osaka, JapanSantosh Kumar Tadakamadla - Griffith Univ, Menzies Hlth Inst Queensland, Mt Gravatt, Qld, AustraliaNikhil Tandon - College Station Medical CenterSegen Gebremeskel Tassew - Mekelle UniversityMohammad Tavakkoli - New York Medical CollegeNuno Taveira - Univ Inst Egas Moniz, Monte De Caparica, PortugalHugh R. Taylor - The University of MelbourneArash Tehrani-Banihashemi - College Station Medical CenterTigist Gashaw Tekalign - Haramaya UniversityShishay Wandey Teikelemedhin - Mekelle UniversityMerhawi Gebremedhin Tekle - Haramaya UniversityMohamad-Hari Temsah - King Saud UniversityOmar Temsah - Alfaisal UniversityAbdullah Sulieman Terkawi - University of VirginiaBelay Tessema - University of GondarMebrahtu Teweldemedhin - Aksum UniversityKavumpurathu Raman Thankappan - College Station Medical CenterAndrew Theis - University of WashingtonSathish Thirunavukkarasu - Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore, SingaporeNihal Thomas - College Station Medical CenterBinyam Tilahun - University of GondarQuyen G. To - Queensland University of TechnologyMarcello Tonelli - University of CalgaryRoman Topor-Madry - Jagiellonian UniversityAnna E. Torre - University of WashingtonMiguel Tortajada-Girbes - Universitat de ValènciaMathilde Touvier - College Station Medical CenterMarcos Roberto Tovani-Palone - University of Sao PauloJeffrey A. Towbin - University of Tennessee at KnoxvilleBach Xuan Tran - College Station Medical CenterKhanh Bao Tran - University of AucklandChristopher E. Troeger - University of WashingtonAfewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik - Mekelle UniversityDerrick Tsoi - University of WashingtonLorainne Tudor Car - Supreme Council Of HealthStefanos Tyrovolas - Sum Juan De Dios Sanitary Pk, Res & Dev Unit, St Boi De Llobregat, SpainKingsley Nnanna Ukwaja - Fed Teaching Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Abakaliki, NigeriaIrfan Ullah - Gomal Univ, Gomal Ctr Biochem & Biotechnol, Dera Ismail Khan, PakistanEduardo A. Undurraga - Supreme Council Of HealthRachel L. Updike - University of WashingtonMuhammad Shariq Usman - College Station Medical CenterOlalekan A. Uthman - University of WarwickMuthiah Vaduganathan - Harvard UniversityAfsane Vaezi - College Station Medical CenterPascual R. Valdez - College Station Medical CenterElena Vanavikova - Minist Hlth, FRIHOI, Cent Res Inst Cytol & Genet, Moscow, RussiaSantosh Varughese - College Station Medical CenterTommi Juhani Vasankari - UKK InstituteNarayanaswamy Venketasubramanian - National University of SingaporeSantos Villafaina - Universidad de ExtremaduraFrancesco S. Violante - University of BolognaSergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov - Minist Hlth, FRIHOI, Moscow, RussiaVasily Vlassov - Natl Res Univ, Dept Hlth Care Adm & Econ, Moscow, RussiaStein Emil Vollset - University of WashingtonTheo Vos - University of WashingtonKia Vosoughi - College Station Medical CenterIsidora S. Vujcic - University of BelgradeFasil Shiferaw Wagnew - Debre Markos UniversityYasir Waheed - College Station Medical CenterYafeng Wang - University of Sao PauloYuan-Pang WangElisabete Weiderpass - Karolinska InstitutetRobert G. Weintraub - Royal Childrens Hosp, Cardiol Dept, Melbourne, Vic, AustraliaDaniel J. Weiss - University of OxfordFitsum Weldegebreal - Haramaya UniversityKidu Gidey Weldegwergs - Mekelle UniversityAndrea Werdecker - Federal ReserveT. Eoin West - University of WashingtonRonny Westerman - Federal ReserveHarvey A. Whiteford - University of WashingtonJustyna Widecka - College Station Medical CenterTissa Wijeratne - La Trobe UniversityHywel C. Williams - University of NottinghamLauren B. Wilner - University of WashingtonShadrach Wilson - University of WashingtonAndrea Sylvia Winkler - University of OsloAlison B. Wiyeh - Med Res Council South Africa, Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South AfricaCharles Shey Wiysonge - Stellenbosch UniversityCharles D. A. Wolfe - Supreme Council Of HealthAnthony D. Woolf - Royal Cornwall Hosp, Bone & Joint Res Grp, Truro, EnglandGrant M. A. Wyper - University of StrathclydeDenis Xavier - St Johns Natl Acad Hlth Sci, Dept Pharmacol, Bangalore, Karnataka, IndiaGelin Xu - Nanjing UniversitySimon Yadgir - University of WashingtonSeyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari - Milad Gen Hosp, Clin Canc Res Ctr, Tehran, IranTomohide Yamada - The University of TokyoLijing L. Yan - Duke UniversityYuichiro Yano - Northwestern UniversityMehdi Yaseri - University of TehranYasin Jemal Yasin - Addis Ababa UniversityAlex Yeshaneh - Wolkite UniversityEbrahim M. Yimer - Mekelle UniversityPaul Yip - University of Hong KongEngida Yisma - Addis Ababa UniversityNaohiro Yonemoto - Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Dept Psychopharmacol, Tokyo, JapanSeok-Jun Yoon - Korea Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Seoul, South KoreaMarcel Yotebieng - The Ohio State UniversityMustafa Z. Younis - Jackson State UniversityMahmoud Yousefifard - College Station Medical CenterChuanhua Yu - Wuhan UniversityVesna Zadnik - Inst Oncol Ljubljana, Epidemiol & Canc Registry Sect, Ljubljana, SloveniaZoubida Zaidi - Univ Hosp Setif, Dept Epidemiol, Setif, AlgeriaSojib Bin Zaman - Int Ctr Diarrhoeal Dis Res, Maternal & Child Hlth Div, Dhaka, BangladeshMohammad Zamani - College Station Medical CenterHamed Zandian - College Station Medical CenterHeather J. Zar - University of Cape TownZerihun Menlkalew Zenebe - Mekelle UniversityBen Zipkin - University of WashingtonMaigeng Zhou - Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Noncommunicable Dis Control & Prevent Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R ChinaSanjay Zodpey - Publ Hlth Fdn India, Indian Inst Publ Hlth, Gurugram, IndiaInbar Zucker - Minist Hlth, Israeli Ctr Dis Control, Ramat Gan, IsraelLiesl Joanna Zuhlke - University of Cape TownChristopher J. L. Murray - University of WashingtonGBD 2017 DALYs & HALE Coll
- Publication Details
- The Lancet (British edition), Vol.392(10159), pp.1859-1922
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Number of pages
- 64
- Grant note
- MC_UU_12017/15; G0400491; MR/R015600/1; MR/M015084/1; MC_UP_A620_1015; MC_UU_12011/2; MC_U147585827; MC_U147585819 / MRC; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC) HDR-2004 / Medical Research Council; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC) 180129; 160100 / Cancer Foundation Finland sr Bill AMP; Melinda Gates Foundation; CGIAR NIHR/CS/010/014 / National Institute for Health Research; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
- Identifiers
- 991005591499907891
- Copyright
- © 2018 The Author(s)
- Murdoch Affiliation
- Centre for Healthy Ageing
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
This output has contributed to the advancement of the following goals:
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- Domestic collaboration
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- Citation topics
- 1 Clinical & Life Sciences
- 1.163 Parasitology - General
- 1.163.446 Schistosomiasis
- Web Of Science research areas
- Medicine, General & Internal
- ESI research areas
- Clinical Medicine