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Longitudinal study on immunologic, lipoproteomic, and inflammatory responses indicates the safety of sequential COVID-19 vaccination
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Longitudinal study on immunologic, lipoproteomic, and inflammatory responses indicates the safety of sequential COVID-19 vaccination

Jurissa Lang, Andres Bernal, Julien Wist, Siobhon Egan, Sze How Bong, Oscar Millet, Monique Ryan, Aude-Claire Lee, Drew Hall, Philipp Nitschke, …
Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany), Vol.103, pp.421-433
2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-025-02527-y
PMID: 40074874
Appears in  Open Access via Read & Publish Agreements
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CC BY V4.0,  Open Access

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 infection Metabolomics COVID-19 vaccine Inflammation IgG responses Longitudinal study
COVID-19 vaccines are crucial in reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission and severe health outcomes. Despite widespread administration, their long-term systemic effects on human metabolism remain inadequately understood. This longitudinal study aims to evaluate IgG responses, 34 cytokines, 112 lipoproteins, and 21 low-molecular-weight metabolites in 33 individuals receiving two to four COVID-19 vaccine doses. Changes in metabolic profiles for the first 16 days post each dose of vaccine, and up to 480 days post-initial dose, were compared to baseline (before vaccination). Additionally, metabolic profiles of vaccinated participants were compared to a reference cohort of unvaccinated individuals without prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection (controls) and SARS-CoV-2 cases. Positive IgG responses were observed in 78.8% (N = 26) of participants after the first dose, reaching 100% with subsequent doses. The most common side effects were localized pain at the injection site and "flu-like" symptoms, reported by > 50% of participants. Systemic side effects, e.g., sore lymph nodes, fatigue, and brain fog, were reported but showed no significant correlations to IgG responses. Transient temporal changes were observed for cytokine IP10 (CXCL10) and glutamic acid around the third vaccine dose. Compared to the reference cohort, 497 vaccinated samples (95.0%) had profiles similar to the controls, while the remaining 26 samples with prior infection exposures were similar to mild cases of SARS-CooV-2 infection. In conclusion, COVID-19 vaccination did not induce lasting changes in inflammatory and metabolic responses, nor did it induce changes similar to mild cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This supports the metabolic safety of the vaccine and contributes to increased vaccine confidence. KEY MESSAGES: Minimal changes in inflammatory/metabolic markers up to 480 days post-vaccination. Transient increase in IP10 (CXCL10) and glutamic acid around the third dose. Post-vaccination IgG response did not alter metabolic profiles like SARS-CoV-2 cases. Our findings provide insights into the safety of repeated COVID-19 vaccinations. Key messages • Minimal changes in inflammatory/metabolic markers up to 480 days post-vaccination. • Transient increase in IP10 (CXCL10) and glutamic acid around the third dose. • Post-vaccination IgG response did not alter metabolic profiles like SARS-CoV-2 cases. • Our findings provide insights into the safety of repeated COVID-19 vaccinations.

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Collaboration types
Domestic collaboration
International collaboration
Citation topics
2 Chemistry
2.211 Mass Spectrometry
2.211.990 Metabolomics
Web Of Science research areas
Genetics & Heredity
Medicine, Research & Experimental
ESI research areas
Clinical Medicine
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