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Journal article
Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
The Lancet (British edition), Vol.392(10159), pp.1995-2051
2018
PMCID: PMC6227915
PMID: 30496106
Abstract
Background:
Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods.
Methods:
We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories.
Findings:
From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger.
Interpretation:
Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress.
Details
- Title
- Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- Authors/Creators
- Christopher J. L. Murray - University of WashingtonCharlton S. K. H. Callender - University of WashingtonXie Rachel Kulikoff - University of WashingtonVinay Srinivasan - University of WashingtonDegu Abate - Haramaya UniversityKalkidan Hassen Abate - Jimma UniversitySolomon M. Abay - Novartis International AG, SwitzerlandNooshin Abbasi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesHedayat Abbastabar - Tehran University of Medical SciencesJemal Abdela - School of Pharmacy, United StatesAhmed Abdelalim - Cairo UniversityOmar Abdel-Rahman - University of CalgaryAlireza Abdi - FacultyNasrin Abdoli - Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesIbrahim Abdollahpour - Arak University of Medical SciencesRizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader - Manonmaniam Sundaranar UniversityHaftom Temesgen Abebe - College of Health Sciences, IranMolla Abebe - Armauer Hansen Research InstituteZegeye Abebe - Human Nutrition Department, EthiopiaTeshome Abuka Abebo - College of Medicine and Health Sciences, EthiopiaAyenew Negesse Abejie - Debre Markos UniversityVictor Aboyans - Hôpital DupuytrenHaftom Niguse Abraha - Clinical Pharmacy Unit, IranDaisy M.X. Abreu - Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisAklilu Roba Abrham - Haramaya UniversityLaith J. Abu-Raddad - Weill Cornell MedicineNiveen M.E. Abu-Rmeileh - Birzeit UniversityManfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi - Bénin Clinical Research Institute, BeninPawan Acharya - Nepal Development Society, NepalAbdu A Adamu - University of South AfricaOladimeji M. Adebayo - University College Hospital, NigeriaIsaac Akinkunmi Adedeji - Olabisi Onabanjo UniversityVictor Adekanmbi - Cardiff UniversityOlatunji Adetokunboh - University of South AfricaBeyene Meressa Adhena - School of Public Health, United StatesTara Ballav Adhikari - Center for Social Science and Public Health Research Nepal, NepalMina G. Adib - Saint Mark Hospital, EgyptArsène Kouablan Adou - Ivorian Association for Family Welfare, Cote d'IvoireJose C. Adsuar - Universidad de ExtremaduraMohsen Afarideh - Tehran University of Medical SciencesAshkan Afshin - University of WashingtonGina Agarwal - McMaster UniversityKareha M. Agesa - University of WashingtonSargis Aghasi Aghayan - Yerevan State UniversitySutapa Agrawal - Public Health Foundation of IndiaAlireza Ahmadi - Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesMehdi Ahmadi - Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesMuktar Beshir Ahmed - Jimma UniversitySayem Ahmed - International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchAmani Nidhal Aichour - University Ferhat Abbas of SetifIbtihel Aichour - University Ferhat Abbas of SetifMiloud Taki Eddine Aichour - High National School of Veterinary Medicine, AlgeriaAli S. Akanda - University of Rhode IslandMohammad Esmaeil Akbari - Cancer Research Center, IranMohammed Akibu - Debre Berhan UniversityRufus Olusola Akinyemi - University of IbadanTomi F. Akinyemiju - University of KentuckyNadia Akseer - University of TorontoFares Alahdab - Mayo Clinic, United StatesZiyad Al-Aly - Washington University in St. LouisKhurshid Alam - University of Western Australia, AustraliaAnimut Alebel - Debre Markos UniversityAlicia V. Aleman - Universidad de la República de UruguayKefyalew Addis Alene - Institute of Public Health, EthiopiaAyman Al-Eyadhy - Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Saudi ArabiaRaghib Ali - New York University Abu DhabiMehran Alijanzadeh - Qazvin University of Medical SciencesReza Alizadeh-Navaei - Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, IranSyed M. Aljunid - University of Kuwait, KuwaitAla'a Alkerwi - Luxembourg Institute of HealthFrançois Alla - Université de BordeauxPeter Allebeck - Karolinska InstitutetAli Almasi - Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesJordi Alonso - Hospital Del MarRajaa Al-Raddadi - King Abdulaziz UniversityUbai Alsharif - Charité University Medicine Berlin, GermanyKhalid Altirkawi - King Saud UniversityNelson Alvis-Guzman - University of CartagenaAzmeraw T. Amare - Bahir Dar UniversityWalid Ammar - Federal Ministry of Health, LebanonNahla Anber - FacultyCatalina Liliana Andrei - Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacySofia Androudi - University of ThessalyMegbaru Debalkie Animut - Arba Minch UniversityHossein Ansari - Zahedan University of Medical SciencesMustafa Geleto Ansha - Debre Berhan UniversityCarl Abelardo T. Antonio - University of the Philippines ManilaSeth Christopher Yaw Appiah - Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyOlatunde Aremu - Birmingham City UniversityHabtamu Abera Areri - Hawassa UniversityNicholas Arian - University of WashingtonJohan Ärnlöv - Karolinska InstitutetAl Artaman - University of ManitobaKrishna Kumar Aryal - Abt Associates Nepal, NepalHamid Asayesh - School of Paramedical, IranEphrem Tsegay Asfaw - Institute of Biomedical Science, EthiopiaSolomon Weldegebreal Asgedom - School of Pharmacy, United StatesReza Assadi - Mashhad University of Medical SciencesTesfay Mehari Mehari Atey - School of Pharmacy, United StatesSuleman Atique - University of LahoreMadhu S. Atteraya - Keimyung UniversityMarcel Ausloos - University of LeicesterEuripide Frinel G. Arthur Avokpaho - Bénin Clinical Research Institute, BeninAshish Awasthi - Indian Institute of Public Health, IndiaBeatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla - La Trobe UniversityYohanes Ayele - School of Pharmacy, United StatesRakesh Ayer - The University of TokyoTambe Betrand Ayuk - PlantPeter S. Azzopardi - Bahir Dar UniversityTesleem Kayode Babalola - University of KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaArefeh Babazadeh - Center for Infectious Diseases Research, IranHamid Badali - Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesAlaa Badawi - University of TorontoAyele Geleto Bali - School of Public Health, United StatesMaciej Banach - Medical University of LodzSuzanne L. Barker-Collo - University of AucklandTill Bärnighausen - Heidelberg University, GermanyLope H. Barrero - School of Engineering, ColombiaHuda Basaleem - University of AdenQuique Bassat - Universitat de BarcelonaArindam Basu - University of CanterburyBernhard T. Baune - Melbourne Medical School, AustraliaHabtamu Wondifraw Baynes - University of GondarEttore Beghi - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, ItalyMasoud Behzadifar - Health Management and Economics Research Center, IranMeysam Behzadifar - Lorestan University of Medical SciencesBayu Begashaw Bekele - Institute of Public Health, EthiopiaAbate Bekele Belachew - School of Public Health, United StatesAregawi Gebreyesus Belay - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesEzra Belay - Mekelle UniversitySaba Abraham Belay - Tewelde Legesse Health Sciences College, EthiopiaYihalem Abebe Belay - Debre Markos UniversityMichelle L. Bell - Yale UniversityAminu K. Bello - University of AlbertaDerrick A. Bennett - Nuffield Department of Population Health, United KingdomIsabela M. Bensenor - University of Sao PauloGilles Bergeron - New York Academy of Sciences, United StatesAdugnaw Berhane - School of Public Health, United StatesAdam E. Berman - Augusta UniversityEduardo Bernabe - King's College LondonRobert S. Bernstein - Emory UniversityGregory J. Bertolacci - University of WashingtonMircea Beuran - Amita Health St. Mary's HospitalSuraj BhattaraiSoumyadeep Bhaumik - The George Institute for Global Health, AustraliaZulfiqar A. Bhutta - University of TorontoBelete Biadgo - University of GondarAli Bijani - Social Determinants of Health Research Centers, IranBoris Bikbov - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, ItalyNigus Bililign - Woldia UniversityMuhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed - Australian National University, AustraliaSait Mentes Birlik - University of BolognaCharles Birungi - University College London (UCL), United KingdomTuhin Biswas - A.T. Still UniversityHailemichael Bizuneh - St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical CollegeArchie Bleyer - University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USABerrak Bora Basara - Directorate of HealthCristina Bosetti - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, ItalySoufiane Boufous - University of New South Wales (UNSW), AustraliaOliver Jerome BradyNicola Luigi Bragazzi - University of GenoaMichael Brainin - Universität für Weiterbildung KremsAlexandra Brazinova - Comenius University BratislavaNicholas J.K. Breitborde - The Ohio State UniversityHermann Brenner - German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), GermanyJerry D. Brewer - Mayo Clinic, United StatesPaul Svitil Briant - University of WashingtonGabrielle Britton - Neuroscience Department, PanamaRoy Burstein - University of WashingtonReinhard Busse - Institute of Public Health, EthiopiaZahid A. Butt - School of Population and Public Health, CanadaLucero Cahuana-Hurtado - Center for Health Systems Research, MexicoIsmael Ricardo Campos-Nonato - National Institute of Public Health, MexicoJulio Cesar Campuzano Rincon - National Institute of Public Health, MexicoJorge CanoMate Car - Ministry of Health, TurkeyRosario Cárdenas - Metropolitan Autonomous University, MexicoJuan Jesus Carrero - Karolinska InstitutetFelix Carvalho - Universidade do PortoCarlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela - National Institutes of HealthJacqueline Castillo Rivas - Dirección Actuarial, Costa RicaFranz Castro - Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, PanamaFerrán Catalá-López - Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), SpainAlanur Çavlin - Hacettepe UniversityEster Cerin - School of Public Health, United StatesJulian Chalek - University of WashingtonHsing-Yi Chang - National Health Research InstitutesJung-Chen Chang - College of Medicine, TaiwanAparajita Chattopadhyay - International Institute for Population SciencesPankaj Chaturvedi - Tata Memorial HospitalPeggy Pei-Chia Chiang - Gold Coast HealthKen Lee Chin - Monash UniversityVesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa - University of ZambiaAbdulaal Chitheer - Ministry of Health, TurkeyJee-Young J. Choi - Biochemistry, South KoreaRajiv Chowdhury - University of CambridgeDevasahayam Jesudas Christopher - Christian Medical CollegeFlavia M Cicuttini - Monash UniversityLiliana G. Ciobanu - University of Adelaide, AustraliaMassimo Cirillo - University of SalernoRafael M. Claro - Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisDaniel Collado-Mateo - Universidad de ExtremaduraMaria-Magdalena Constantin - 2nd Department of Dermatology, EgyptSara Conti - University of Milano-BicoccaCyrus Cooper - Oxford Biomedical ResearchLeslie Trumbull Cooper - Mayo Clinic, United StatesLeslie Cornaby - University of WashingtonPaolo Angelo Cortesi - University of Milano-BicoccaMonica Cortinovis - Arizona State UniversityMegan Costa - Arizona State UniversityElizabeth A. Cromwell - University of WashingtonChristopher Stephen Crowe - University of WashingtonPetra Cukelj - Croatian Institute of Public Health, CroatiaMatthew Cunningham - University of WashingtonAlemneh Kabeta Daba - College of Medicine and Health Sciences, EthiopiaBerihun Assefa Dachew - School of Public Health, United StatesLalit Dandona - University of WashingtonRakhi Dandona - University of WashingtonPaul I Dargan - King's College LondonAhmad Daryani - Toxoplasmosis Research Center, IranRajat Das Gupta - James P Grant School of Public Health, BangladeshJosé Das Neves - Laboratoire d'Informatique, Signaux et Systèmes de Sophia AntipolisTamirat Tesfaye Dasa - Hawassa UniversityAditya Prasad Dash - Central University of Tamil NaduNicole Davis Weaver - University of WashingtonDragos Virgil Davitoiu - Kazakh National Medical UniversityKairat Davletov - Kazakh National Medical UniversityDiego De Leo - Griffith University, AustraliaJan-Walter De Neve - Heidelberg University, GermanyMeaza Girma Degefa - University of New South Wales (UNSW), AustraliaLouisa Degenhardt - University of WashingtonTizta Tilahun Degfie - African Population Health Research Centre, KenyaSelina Deiparine - University of WashingtonGebre Demoz - Addis Ababa UniversityBalem Demtsu - Mekelle UniversityEdgar Denova-Gutiérrez - Center for Nutrition and Health Research, MexicoKebede Deribe - School of Public Health, United StatesNikolaos Dervenis - Aintree University HospitalDon C. Des Jarlais - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiGetenet Ayalew Dessie - University of PeradeniyaSamath Dhamminda Dharmaratne - University of WashingtonMeghnath Dhimal - Nepal Health Research CouncilDaniel Dicker - University of WashingtonEric L Ding - Harvard UniversityGirmaye Deye Dinsa - Harvard UniversityShirin Djalalinia - University of WashingtonHuyen Phuc Do - Trường ĐH Nguyễn Tất ThànhKlara Dokova - Medical University of VarnaDavid Teye Doku - University of Cape CoastKate Dolan - University of New South Wales (UNSW), AustraliaKerrie E Doyle - RMIT University, AustraliaTim R. Driscoll - The University of SydneyManisha Dubey - World Food ProgrammeEleonora Dubljanin - University of BelgradeEyasu Ejeta Duken - Jimma UniversityAndre R Duraes - Universidade Federal da BahiaSoheil Ebrahimpour - Center for Infectious Diseases Research, IranDavid Edvardsson - La Trobe UniversityCharbel El Bcheraoui - University of WashingtonZiad El-Khatib - Karolinska InstitutetIqbal Rf Elyazar - Eijkman Institute for Molecular BiologyAhmadali Enayati - School of Public Health, United StatesAman Yesuf Endries - St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical CollegeSergey Petrovich Ermakov - Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian FederationBabak Eshrati - Center of Communicable Disease Control, IranSharareh Eskandarieh - Tehran University of Medical SciencesReza Esmaeili - Gonabad University of Medical SciencesAlireza Esteghamati - Tehran University of Medical SciencesSadaf Esteghamati - Tehran University of Medical SciencesKara Estep - University of WashingtonHamed Fakhim - Urmia UniversityTamer Farag - University of WashingtonMahbobeh Faramarzi - Babol University of Medical SciencesMohammad Fareed - Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Saudi ArabiaCarla Sofia Esá Farinha - Statistics KoreaAndré Faro - Federal University of Sergipe, BrazilMaryam S Farvid - Harvard UniversityFarshad Farzadfar - Tehran University of Medical SciencesMohammad Hosein Farzaei - Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesKairsten A Fay - University of WashingtonMir Sohail Fazeli - Doctor Evidence, United StatesValery L. Feigin - University of WashingtonAndrea B. Feigl - Harvard UniversityFariba Feizy - Sarem Fertility and Infertility Research Center, IranAma P. Fenny - University of GhanaNetsanet Fentahun - Bahar Dar University, EthiopiaSeyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad - The Neurological InstituteEduarda Fernandes - Universidade do PortoGarumma Tolu Feyissa - Jimma UniversityIrina Filip - Kaiser PermanenteSamuel Finegold - University of WashingtonFlorian Fischer - Bielefeld UniversityLuisa Sorio Flor - Escola Nacional de Saúde PúblicaNataliya Foigt - Academy of Medical Science, UkraineKyle J. Foreman - University of WashingtonCarla Fornari - University of Milano-BicoccaThomas Fürst - Epidemiology and Public Health, SwitzerlandTakeshi Fukumoto - Cancer Institute (W.I.A.), United StatesJohn E. Fuller - University of WashingtonNancy Fullman - University of WashingtonEmmanuela Gakidou - University of WashingtonSilvano Gallus - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, ItalyAmiran Gamkrelidze - National Centre for Disease Control, GeorgiaMorsaleh Ganji - Tehran University of Medical SciencesFortune Gbetoho Gankpe - Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, BeninGregory M. Garcia - University of WashingtonMiguel A. Garcia-Gordillo - University of ChileAbadi Kahsu Gebre - School of Pharmacy, United StatesTeshome Gebre - The Task Force for Global HealthGebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs - School of Public Health, United StatesTsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot - Jimma UniversityAmanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin - Jimma UniversityTilayie Feto Gelano - Haramaya UniversityYalemzewod Assefa Gelaw - Institute of Public Health, EthiopiaJohanna M. Geleijnse - Wageningen University and Research, NetherlandsRicard Genova-Maleras - Regional Health Council, SpainPeter W. Gething - Big Data Institute, United KingdomKebede Embaye Gezae - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesMohammad Rasoul Ghadami - Sleep Disorders Research Center, IranReza Ghadimi - Health Research Institute, IranKeyghobad Ghadiri - Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesKhalil Ghasemi Falavarjani - Iran University of Science and TechnologyMaryam Ghasemi-Kasman - Health Research Institute, IranHesam Ghiasvand - Social Determinants of Health Research Center, IranMamata Ghimire - University of TsukubaAloke Gopal Ghoshal - National Allergy Asthma Bronchitis InstituteParamjit Singh Gill - University of WarwickTiffany K Gill - University of Adelaide, AustraliaGiorgia Giussani - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, ItalyElena V Gnedovskaya - Research Center of NeurologySrinivas Goli - International Institute for Population SciencesRicardo Santiago Gomez - Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisHector Gómez-Dantés - Center for Health Systems Research, MexicoPhilimon N. Gona - University of Massachusetts BostonAmador Goodridge - Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit, PanamaSameer Vali Gopalani - University of OklahomaAlessandra Carvalho Goulart - University of Sao PauloBárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), BrazilAyman Grada - Boston UniversityGiuseppe Grosso - University of CataniaHarish Chander Gugnani - Saint James School of Medicine, AnguillaJingwen Guo - University of WashingtonYuming Guo - Monash UniversityPrakash C. Gupta - Harvard School of Public Health, United StatesRahul Gupta - West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, United StatesRajeev Gupta - Rajasthan University of Health SciencesTanush Gupta - Montefiore Medical CenterJuanita A. Haagsma - Erasmus University RotterdamVladimir Hachinski - Western University, CanadaNima Hafezi-Nejad - Tehran University of Medical SciencesTekleberhan B Hagos - Anatomy Unit, IranTewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis - Haramaya UniversityGessessew Bugssa Hailu - Biomedical Sciences Division, IranArvin Haj-Mirzaian - Tehran University of Medical SciencesArya Haj-Mirzaian - Tehran University of Medical SciencesRandah Ribhi Hamadeh - Arabian Gulf UniversitySamer Hamidi - Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart UniversityAlexis J Handal - University of New Mexico, USAGraeme J. Hankey - University of Western Australia, AustraliaYuantao Hao - Sun Yat-sen UniversityHilda L. Harb - Ministry of Public Health, LebanonHamidreza Haririan - Tabriz University of Medical SciencesJosep Maria Haro - San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, SpainMehedi Hasan - James P Grant School of Public Health, BangladeshHadi Hassankhani - Tabriz University of Medical SciencesHamid Yimam Hassen - University of Ha'ilRasmus Havmoeller - Karolinska University HospitalSimon I. Hay - University of WashingtonYihua He - University of WashingtonAkbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran - Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesMohamed I. Hegazy - Cairo UniversityBehzad Heibati - AIRBehnam Heidari - Tehran University of Medical SciencesDelia Hendrie - Curtin UniversityAndualem Henok - Mizan Tepi UniversityNathaniel J. Henry - University of WashingtonClaudiu Herteliu - Bucharest University of Economic StudiesFatemeh Heydarpour - FacultyDesalegn Tsegaw Hibstu - Hawassa UniversityMichael K Hole - The University of Texas at AustinEnayatollah Homaie Rad - Guilan University of Medical SciencesPraveen Hoogar - Manipal University, IndiaH. Dean Hosgood - American University of BeirutSeyed Mostafa Hosseini - Tehran University of Medical SciencesMeimanat M. Hosseini Chavoshi - University of Western Australia, AustraliaMehdi Hosseinzadeh - Tehran, IranMihaela Hostiuc - Amita Health St. Mary's HospitalSorin Hostiuc - VictorMohamed Hsairi - Medicine School of Tunis, TunisiaThomas Hsiao - University of WashingtonGuoqing Hu - Central South University, ChinaJohn J. Huang - Yale UniversityKim Moesgaard Iburg - Aarhus University, DenmarkEhimario Uche Igumbor - University of the Western CapeChad Ikeda - University of WashingtonOlayinka S. Ilesanmi - University of LiberiaUsman Iqbal - Taipei Medical UniversityAsnake Ararsa Irenso - School of Public Health, United StatesSeyed Sina Naghibi Irvani - Tehran University of Medical SciencesOluwaseyi Oluwakemi Isehunwa - Boston UniversitySheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam - The University of SydneyLeila Jahangiry - Health Education and Health Promotion Department, IranNader Jahanmehr - Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, EthiopiaSudhir Kumar Jain - National Centre For Disease Control Delhi, IndiaMihajlo Jakovljevic - University of KragujevacMoti Tolera Jalu - Haramaya UniversitySpencer L. James - University of WashingtonSimerjot K Jassal - Department of Internal Medicine, United StatesMehdi Javanbakht - University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United KingdomAchala Upendra Jayatilleke - University of ColomboPanniyammakal Jeemon - Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, IndiaRavi Prakash Jha - Banaras Hindu UniversityVivekanand Jha - University of OxfordJohn S Ji - Duke Kunshan UniversityJost B. Jonas - Heidelberg University, GermanyJacek Józwiak - Częstochowa University of TechnologySuresh Banayya Jungari - Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityMikk Jürisson - University of TartuZubair Kabir - University College CorkRajendra Kadel - London School of Economics and Political ScienceAmaha Kahsay - Mekelle UniversityRizwan Kalani - University of WashingtonUmesh Kapil - A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, IndiaManoochehr Karami - Hamedan University of Medical SciencesBehzad Karami Matin - Faculty of Public HealthAndré Karch - Helmholtz Center, GermanyCorine Kakizi Karema - Swiss Tropical and Public Health InstituteSeyed M. Karimi - University of WashingtonAmir Kasaeian - Tehran University of Medical SciencesDessalegn Haile Kassa - Clinical Pharmacy Unit, EthiopiaGetachew Mullu Kassa - College of Health Sciences, IranTesfaye Dessale Kassa - Clinical Pharmacy Unit, IranZemenu Yohannes Kassa - Hawassa UniversityNicholas J Kassebaum - University of WashingtonAnshul Kastor - International Institute for Population SciencesSrinivasa Vittal Katikireddi - University of GlasgowAnil Kaul - Oklahoma State UniversityNorito Kawakami - The University of TokyoAli Kazemi Karyani - Faculty of Public HealthSeifu Kebede - Salale University, EthiopiaPeter Njenga Keiyoro - University of NairobiGrant Rodgers Kemp - University of WashingtonAndre Pascal Kengne - South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), South AfricaAndre Keren - Assuta Hospital, IsraelMaia Kereselidze - National Centre for Disease Control, GeorgiaYousef Saleh Khader - Public Health and Family Medicine, JordanMorteza Abdullatif Khafaie - Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAlireza Khajavi - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesNauman Khalid - University of Management and Technology, PakistanIbrahim A. Khalil - University of WashingtonEjaz Ahmad Khan - Health Services Academy, PakistanMuhammad Shahzeb Khan - John H Stroger, United StatesYoung-Ho Khang - Seoul National UniversityTripti Khanna - Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityMona M. Khater - Cairo UniversityAlireza Khatony - Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesZahra Khazaeipour - Tehran University of Medical SciencesHabibolah Khazaie - Affiliation unknown, SwedenAbdullah Tawfih Abdullah Khoja - Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Saudi ArabiaArdeshir Khosravi - Ministry of Health and Medical Education, IranMohammad Hossein Khosravi - Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesGetiye Dejenu Kibret - College of Health Sciences, EthiopiaZelalem Teklemariam Kidanemariam - University of WashingtonDaniel Ngari Kiirithio - Kenya Revenue Authority, KenyaPaul Evan Kilgore - Wayne State UniversityDaniel Kim - Northeastern University, United StatesJun Y. Kim - University of WashingtonYoung-Eun Kim - Korea University, South KoreaYun Jin Kim - Xiamen University MalaysiaRuth W. Kimokoti - Simmons College, United StatesYohannes Kinfu - University of CanberraSanjay KinraAdnan Kisa - University of OsloMika Kivimäki - University of HelsinkiSonali Kochhar - University of WashingtonYoshihiro Kokubo - National Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterTufa Kolola - Debre Berhan UniversityJacek A. Kopec - University of British ColumbiaMargaret N. Kosek - Johns Hopkins UniversitySoewarta Kosen - Affiliation unknown, SwedenParvaiz A. Koul - Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical SciencesAi Koyanagi - San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, SpainKewal Krishan - Panjab UniversitySanjay Krishnaswami - Oregon Health and Science University, United StatesKristopher J. Krohn - University of WashingtonBarthelemy Kuate Defo - Université de MontréalBurcu Kucuk Bicer - Hacettepe UniversityG. Anil Kumar - Public Health Foundation of IndiaManasi Kumar - University College London (UCL), United KingdomPushpendra Kumar - International Institute for Population SciencesFekede Asefa Kumsa - School of Public Health, United StatesMichael Kutz - University of WashingtonSheetal D Lad - Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchAlessandra Lafranconi - University of Milano-BicoccaDharmesh Kumar Lal - Public Health Foundation of IndiaRatilal Lalloo - Universidad de Costa RicaHilton Lam - National Institutes of HealthFaris Hasan Lami - Academy of Medical Science, IraqJustin J. Lang - Public Health Agency of Canada, CanadaSonia Lansky - Municipal Health Department of Belo Horizonte, BrazilVan C. Lansingh - Inc., United StatesDennis Odai Laryea - Ghana Health ServiceZohra S. Lassi - University of Adelaide, AustraliaArman Latifi - Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, IranAvula Laxmaiah - Indian Council of Medical Research, IndiaJeffrey Victor Lazarus - Universitat de BarcelonaJames B. Lee - University of WashingtonPaul H Lee - Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityJames Leigh - Asbestos Diseases Research InstituteCheru Tesema Leshargie - Debre Markos UniversitySamson Leta - Addis Ababa UniversityMiriam Levi - Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, ItalyShanshan Li - Monash UniversityXiaohong Li - West China Hospital, ChinaYichong Li - Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, ChinaJuan Liang - National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, ChinaXiaofeng Liang - Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, ChinaMisgan Legesse Liben - Samara University, RussiaLee-Ling Lim - University of Malaya, MalaysiaMiteku Andualem Limenih - Institute of Public Health, EthiopiaShai Linn - University of HaifaShiwei Liu - Centre for Chronic Disease ControlStefan Lorkowski - Friedrich Schiller University JenaPaulo A. Lotufo - University of Sao PauloRafael Lozano - University of WashingtonRaimundas Lunevicius - NHS Foundation Trust, United KingdomCrispin Mabika Mabika - University of KinshasaErlyn Rachelle King Macarayan - University of the Philippines ManilaMark T. Mackay - School of Health Sciences, AustraliaFabiana Madotto - University of Milano-BicoccaTarek Abd Elaziz Mahmood - Ministry of Health and Population, EgyptNarayan Bahadur Mahotra - Tribhuvan UniversityMarek Majdan - Department of Public Health, SlovakiaReza Majdzadeh - Tehran University of Medical SciencesAzeem Majeed - Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, United KingdomReza Malekzadeh - Tehran University of Medical SciencesManzoor Ahmad Malik - International Institute for Population SciencesAbdullah A. Mamun - Institute for Social Science Research, AustraliaWondimu Ayele Manamo - School of Public Health, United StatesAna-Laura Manda - Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacySrikanth Mangalam - Public Risk Management Institute, CanadaMohammad Ali Mansournia - Tehran University of Medical SciencesLorenzo G. Mantovani - University of Milano-BicoccaChabila C. Mapoma - University of ZambiaDadi Marami - Haramaya UniversityJoemer C Maravilla - School of Public Health, AustraliaWagner Marcenes - King's College LondonShakhnazarova Marina - Medical Statistics, United StatesFrancisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo - Science and Technology of Ceará, BrazilWinfried März - Heidelberg University, GermanyMelvin B Marzan - Graduate School, PhilippinesTivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson - University of KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaFelix Masiye - University of WashingtonAmanda J. Mason-Jones - University of York, United KingdomBenjamin Ballard Massenburg - University of WashingtonManu Raj Mathur - Public Health Foundation of IndiaPallab K Maulik - The George Institute for Global Health, AustraliaMohsen Mazidi - Chalmers University of TechnologyJohn J. McGrath - University of Queensland, AustraliaSuresh Mehata - Ipas Nepal, NepalSanjay Madhav Mehendale - Indian Council of Medical Research, IndiaMan Mohan Mehndiratta - Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, IndiaRavi Mehrotra - National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, IndiaSaeed Mehrzadi - Pharmacology Department, IranKala M. Mehta - University of California, USAVarshil Mehta - Sevenhills Hospital, IndiaTefera C. Chane Mekonnen - Wollo UniversityHagazi Gebre Meles - Mekelle UniversityKidanu Gebremariam Meles - Mekelle UniversityAddisu Melese - Debre Tabor UniversityMulugeta Melku - Institute of Public Health, EthiopiaPeter Memiah - University of West Florida, United StatesZiad A. Memish - Saudi Ministry of Health, Saudi ArabiaWalter Mendoza - United Nations Population Fund, PeruMelkamu Merid Mengesha - Haramaya UniversityDesalegn Tadese Mengistu - School of Medicine, EthiopiaGetnet Mengistu - School of Pharmacy, United StatesGeorge A. Mensah - University of Cape TownSeid Tiku Mereta - Jimma UniversityAtte Meretoja - School of Health Sciences, AustraliaTuomo J. Meretoja - University of HelsinkiTomislav Mestrovic - Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, CroatiaHaftay Berhane Mezgebe - Ethiopian Academy of Medical Science, EthiopiaYode Miangotar - University of N'DjamenaBartosz Miazgowski - Saint Mark Hospital, EgyptTomasz Miazgowski - Medical University of LodzTed R. Miller - Curtin UniversityMolly Katherine Miller-Petrie - University of WashingtonG.K. Mini - Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, IndiaParvaneh Mirabi - Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Center, IranAndreea Mirica - National Institute of Statistics, RomaniaErkin M. Mirrakhimov - Kyrgyz State Medical AcademyAwoke Misganaw - University of WashingtonBabak Moazen - Heidelberg University, GermanyKarzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad - Salahaddin University, IraqMoslem Mohammadi - Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesNoushin Mohammadifard - Isfahan University of Medical SciencesMaryam Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani - Tehran University of Medical SciencesMohammed A. Mohammed - Jigjiga UniversityShafiu Mohammed - Heidelberg University, GermanyAli H. Mokdad - University of WashingtonGlen Liddell D. Mola - University of Papua New GuineaMariam Molokhia - King's College LondonLorenzo Monasta - IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, ItalyJulio Cesar Montañez - National Health Research InstitutesGhobad Moradi - Kurdistan University of Medical SciencesMahmoudreza Moradi - Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesMaziar Moradi-Lakeh - Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, IranMehdi Moradinazar - School of Public Health, IranPaula Moraga - Lancaster UniversityJoana Morgado-Da-costa - Hospital Center of Porto, PortugalRintaro Mori - National Center For Child Health and DevelopmentShane D. Morrison - University of WashingtonAbbas Mosapour - Babol University of Medical SciencesMarilita M Moschos - National and Kapodistrian University of AthensSeyyed Meysam Mousavi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesAchenef Asmamaw Muche - Institute of Public Health, EthiopiaKindie Fentahun Muchie - Institute of Public Health, EthiopiaUlrich O. Mueller - Federal Institute for Population ResearchSatinath Mukhopadhyay - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, IndiaTasha B. Murphy - University of WashingtonKate Muller - University of WashingtonGudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy - Indian Institute of Public Health - Hyderabad, IndiaJonah Musa - University of JosKamarul Imran Musa - University of Science, Malaysia, MalaysiaGhulam Mustafa - Nishtar Medical University, PakistanSaravanan Muthupandian - Mekelle UniversityJean B. Nachega - Johns Hopkins UniversityGabriele Nagel - Universität UlmMohsen Naghavi - University of WashingtonAliya Naheed - International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchAzin Nahvijou - Tehran University of Medical SciencesGurudatta A. Naik - University of AlabamaPaulami Naik - University of WashingtonFarid Najafi - Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesLuigi Naldi - San Bortolo Hospital, ItalyVinay Nangia - Suraj Eye InstituteJobert Richie Njingang Nansseu - Ministry of Public Health, LebanonBruno Ramos Nascimento - Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisHaseeb Nawaz - Sisters of Mercy Health SystemBusisiwe P. Ncama - University of LagosNahid Neamati - Babol University of Medical SciencesIonut Negoi - Anatomy and Embryology Department, EgyptRuxandra Irina Negoi - Cardio-Aid, RomaniaSubas Neupane - University of TampereCharles R. Newton - University of OxfordFrida N. Ngalesoni - Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, TanzaniaJosephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri - University of EmbuGrant Nguyen - University of WashingtonLong Nguyen - Trường ĐH Nguyễn Tất ThànhTrang Huyen Nguyen - Trường ĐH Nguyễn Tất ThànhDina Nur Anggraini Ningrum - Taipei Medical UniversityYirga Legesse Nirayo - Clinical Pharmacy Unit, IranMuhammad Imran Nisar - Aga Khan University, PakistanMolly R. Nixon - University of WashingtonShuhei Nomura - The University of TokyoMehdi Noroozi - University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation SciencesJean Jacques N. Noubiap - University of Cape TownHamid Reza Nouri - Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, IranMalihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh - Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesMohammad Reza Nowroozi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesAlypio Nyandwi - Rwanda Ministry of Health, RwandaPeter S Nyasulu - University of South AfricaChristopher M Odell - University of WashingtonRichard Ofori-Asenso - Monash UniversityOkechukwu Samuel Ogah - University College Hospital, NigeriaFelix Akpojene Ogbo - Western Sydney UniversityIn-Hwan Oh - Kyung Hee UniversityAnselm Okoro - Measurement, NigeriaOlanrewaju Oladimeji - Human Sciences Research Council, South AfricaAndrew Toyin Olagunju - University of LagosTinuke Oluwasefunmi Olagunju - McMaster UniversityPedro R. Olivares - University of ChileBolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya - Healthy StartJacob Olusegun Olusanya - Healthy StartSok King Ong - Ministry of Health, Brunei DarussalamAlberto Ortiz - Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), SpainAaron Osgood-Zimmerman - University of WashingtonErika Ota - St. Luke's International UniversityBrenda Achieng Otieno - Monitoring and Evaluation, KenyaStanislav S Otstavnov - M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, RussiaMayowa Ojo Owolabi - University of IbadanAbayomi Samuel Oyekale - University of South AfricaP. Mahesh - JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, IndiaSmita Pakhale - University of OttawaAbhijit P Pakhare - All India Institute of Medical SciencesAdrian Pana - Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, RomaniaBasant Kumar Panda - International Institute for Population SciencesSonghomitra Panda-Jonas - Heidelberg University, GermanyAchyut Raj Pandey - Nepal Health Research CouncilEun-Kee Park - College of Medicine, South KoreaHadi Parsian - Babol University of Medical SciencesShanti Patel - Maimonides Medical CenterSnehal T. Patil - Deemed University, IndiaAjay Patle - International Institute of Health Management Research, IndiaGeorge C. Patton - School of Health Sciences, AustraliaVishnupriya Rao Paturi - Diabetes Research Society, IndiaDeepak Paudel - Ludwig Maximilian University of MunichMarcel Moraes Pedroso - Escola Nacional de Saúde PúblicaEmmanuel K. Peprah - National Institutes of HealthDavid M. Pereira - Universidade do PortoNorberto Perico - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, ItalyKonrad Pesudovs - Glenelg, AustraliaWilliam A. Petri - University of VirginiaMax Petzold - University of GothenburgMaxwell Pierce - University of WashingtonDavid M. Pigott - University of WashingtonJulian David Pillay - Durban University of TechnologyMeghdad Pirsaheb - Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesGuilherme V. Polanczyk - University of Sao PauloMaarten J. Postma - University of GroningenFarshad Pourmalek - School of Population and Public Health, CanadaAkram Pourshams - Tehran University of Medical SciencesHossein Poustchi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesSwayam Prakash - Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, IndiaNarayan Prasad - Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, IndiaCaroline Purcell - University of WashingtonManorama B Purwar - Government Medical College, IndiaMostafa Qorbani - Alborz University of Medical Sciences, IranReginald Quansah - University of GhanaAmir Radfar - A.T. Still UniversityAnwar Rafay - ContechAlireza Rafiei - Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesFakher Rahim - Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAfarin Rahimi-Movaghar - Tehran University of Medical SciencesVafa Rahimi-Movaghar - Tehran University of Medical SciencesMahfuzar Rahman - La Trobe UniversityMd Shafiur Rahman - The University of TokyoMohammad Hifz Ur Rahman - Affiliation unknown, SwedenMuhammad Aziz Rahman - BRAC UniversitySajjad Ur Rahman - University of South AfricaRajesh Kumar Rai - Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, IndiaFatemeh Rajati - Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesSasa Rajsic - University of InnsbruckUsha Ram - International Institute for Population SciencesChhabi Lal Ranabhat - Yonsei UniversityPrabhat Ranjan - University of AlabamaDavid Laith Rawaf - Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, United KingdomSalman Rawaf - Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, United KingdomSarah E. Ray - University of WashingtonChristian Aspacia Razo-García - Center for Population Health Research, MexicoRobert C. Reiner - University of WashingtonCesar Reis - Loma Linda University Medical CenterGiuseppe Remuzzi - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, ItalyAndre M.N. Renzaho - School of Social Sciences and Psychology, AustraliaSerge Resnikoff - Brien Holden Vision InstituteSatar Rezaei - School of Public Health, IranShahab Rezaeian - Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesMohammad Sadegh Rezai - Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesSeyed Mohammad Riahi - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesMaria Jesus Rios Blancas - Center for Health Systems Research, MexicoKedir Teji Roba - Hawassa UniversityNicholas L. S. Roberts - University of WashingtonLeonardo Roever - Universidade Federal de UberlândiaLuca Ronfani - IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, ItalyGholamreza Roshandel - Tehran University of Medical SciencesAli Rostami - Center for Infectious Diseases Research, IranEnrico Rubagotti - IKIAM Amazon Regional University, EcuadorGeorge Mugambage Ruhago - School of Public Health, United StatesYogesh Damodar Sabde - National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, IndiaPerminder S. Sachdev - School of Psychiatry, AustraliaBasema Saddik - University of Sharjah, United Arab EmiratesSahar Saeedi Moghaddam - Tehran University of Medical SciencesHosein Safari - Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesYahya Safari - Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesRoya Safari-Faramani - Faculty of Public HealthMahdi Safdarian - Tehran University of Medical SciencesSare Safi - Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, IranSaeid Safiri - Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, IranRajesh Sagar - All India Institute of Medical SciencesAmirhossein Sahebkar - Mashhad University of Medical SciencesMohammad Ali Sahraian - Tehran University of Medical SciencesHaniye Sadat Sajadi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesMohamadreza Salahshoor - A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, IndiaNasir Salam - Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Saudi ArabiaJoseph Salama - University of WashingtonPayman Salamati - Tehran University of Medical SciencesRaphael De Freitas Saldanha - Escola Nacional de Saúde PúblicaZikria Saleem - University of the PunjabYahya Salimi - Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesHamideh Salimzadeh - Tehran University of Medical SciencesJoshua A. Salomon - Stanford University, USASundeep Santosh Salvi - Chest Research Foundation, IndiaInbal Salz - Ministry of Health, New ZealandEvanson Zondani Sambala - South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), South AfricaAbdallah M. Samy - Ain Shams UniversityJuan Ramon Sanabria - Marshall UniversityMaria Dolores Sanchez-Niño - Jimenez Diaz Foundation University Hospital Institute for Health Research, SpainItamar S. Santos - University of Sao PauloMilena M. Santric Milicevic - University of BelgradeBruno Piassi Sao Jose - Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisMayank Sardana - University of Massachusetts, United StatesAbdur Razzaque Sarker - International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchRodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez - FacultySatish Saroshe - Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical CollegeNizal Sarrafzadegan - School of Population and Public Health, CanadaBenn Sartorius - University of KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaShahabeddin Sarvi - Toxoplasmosis Research Center, IranBrijesh Sathian - Hamad Medical CorporationMaheswar Satpathy - Utkal UniversityArundhati R. Sawant - University of AlabamaMonika Sawhney - University of North Carolina at CharlotteBo Norrving - Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, United KingdomElke Schaeffner - Institute of Public Health, EthiopiaKathryn Schelonka - University of WashingtonIone J. C. Schneider - Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaDavid C. Schwebel - University of AlabamaFalk Schwendicke - Charité University Medicine Berlin, GermanySoraya Seedat - University of South AfricaMario Sekerija - Croatian Institute of Public Health, CroatiaSadaf G. Sepanlou - Tehran University of Medical SciencesEdson E. Servan-Mori - Center for Health Systems Research, MexicoHosein Shabaninejad - Iran University of Medical SciencesKatya Anne Shackelford - University of WashingtonAzadeh Shafieesabet - NYU Langone Health, United StatesAmira A. Shaheen - An-Najah National UniversityMasood Ali Shaikh - Affiliation unknown, SwedenRaad A. Shakir - Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, United KingdomMehran Shams-Beyranvand - Tehran University of Medical SciencesMohammadbagher Shamsi - Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, IranMorteza Shamsizadeh - Hamedan University of Medical SciencesHeidar Sharafi - Middle East Liver Disease CenterKiomars Sharafi - Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesMehdi Sharif - Islamic Azad University, IranMahdi Sharif-Alhoseini - Tehran University of Medical SciencesJayendra Sharma - Ministry of Health, BhutanRajesh Sharma - Delhi Technological UniversityJun She - Fudan UniversityAziz Sheikh - Harvard UniversityPeilin Shi - Tufts UniversityKenji Shibuya - The University of TokyoMika Shigematsu - National Institute of Infectious DiseasesRahman Shiri - Finnish Institute of Occupational HealthReza Shirkoohi - Tehran University of Medical SciencesIvy Shiue - Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, GermanyFarhad Shokraneh - University of NottinghamSharvari Rahul Shukla - Symbiosis International UniversitySi Si - Monash UniversitySoraya Siabani - Cardiovascular Research CenterAbla Mehio Sibai - American University of BeirutTariq J Siddiqi - Dow University of Health SciencesInga Dora Sigfusdottir - Reykjavík UniversityRannveig Sigurvinsdottir - Reykjavík UniversityNaris Silpakit - University of WashingtonDiego Augusto Santos Silva - Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaJoao Pedro Silva - Universidade do PortoDayane Gabriele Alves Silveira - Universidade de BrasíliaNarayana Sarma Venkata Singam - University of LouisvilleJasvinder A. Singh - University of AlabamaNarinder Pal Singh - MaxVirendra Singh - Asthma Bhawan, IndiaDhirendra Narain Sinha - School of Preventive Oncology, IndiaKaren Sliwa - University of Cape TownAdauto Martins Soares Filho - Ministry of Health of Brazil, BrazilBadr H.A. Sobaih - King Khalid University HospitalSoheila Sobhani - Tehran University of Medical SciencesMoslem Soofi - School of Public Health, IranJoan B. Soriano - Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), SpainIreneous N. Soyiri - University of EdinburghChandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy - International Medical University, MalaysiaVladimir I Starodubov - Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Russian FederationCaitlyn Steiner - University of WashingtonLeo G. Stewart - University of WashingtonMark Andrew Stokes - Deakin University, AustraliaMark Strong - University of SheffieldMichelle L Subart - University of WashingtonMuawiyyah Babale Sufiyan - Ahmadu Bello UniversityGerhard Sulo - Norwegian Institute of Public HealthBruno F. Sunguya - Muhimbili University of Health and Allied SciencesPatrick J. Sur - University of WashingtonIpsita Sutradhar - James P Grant School of Public Health, BangladeshBryan L. Sykes - University of California at Irvine (UCI), USAP.N. Sylaja - Neurology Department, IndiaDillon O. Sylte - University of WashingtonCassandra E I Szoeke - Australian Catholic UniversityRafael Tabarés-Seisdedos - Universitat de ValènciaKaren M. Tabb - University of Illinois, USASantosh Kumar Tadakamadla - Griffith University, AustraliaNikhil Tandon - All India Institute of Medical SciencesAberash Abay Tassew - Institute of Public Health, EthiopiaSegen Gebremeskel Tassew - Mekelle UniversityNuno Taveira - University Institute Egas Moniz, PortugalNega Yimer Tawye - Wollo UniversityArash Tehrani-Banihashemi - Iran University of Medical SciencesTigist Gashaw Tekalign - Haramaya UniversityMerhawi Gebremedhin Tekle - School of Public Health, United StatesMohamad-Hani Temsah - King Saud UniversityAbdullah Sulieman Terkawi - University of VirginiaManaye Yihune Teshale - Arba Minch UniversityBelay Tessema - University of GondarMebrahtu Teweldemedhin - Aksum UniversityJ.S. Thakur - Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchKavumpurathu Raman Thankappan - Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, IndiaSathish Thirunavukkarasu - Nanyang Technological UniversityNihal Thomas - Christian Medical CollegeAlan J. Thomson - Adaptive Knowledge Management, CanadaBinyam Tilahun - Institute of Public Health, EthiopiaQuyen G. To - Queensland University of TechnologyMarcello Tonelli - University of CalgaryRoman Topor-Madry - Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, PolandAnna Torre - University of WashingtonMiguel Tortajada-Girbés - Universitat de ValènciaMarcos Roberto Tovani Palone - University of Sao PauloHideaki Toyoshima - Nagoya UniversityBach Xuan Tran - Hanoi Medical UniversityKhanh Bao Tran - University of AucklandSrikanth Prasad Tripathy - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, IndiaThomas Truelsen - University of CopenhagenNu Thi Truong - Duy Tan UniversityAfewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik - School of Pharmacy, United StatesAmanuel Tsegay - College of Health Sciences, IranNikolaos Tsilimparis - Universitatsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf und Medizinische Fakultat, GermanyLorainne Tudor Car - Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, SingaporeKingsley Nnanna Ukwaja - Federal Teaching Hospital, NigeriaIrfan Ullah - Gomal University, PakistanMuhammad Shariq Usman - Dow University of Health SciencesOlalekan A. Uthman - University of WarwickSelen Begüm Uzun - Ankara UniversityMuthiah Vaduganathan - Harvard UniversityAfsane Vaezi - Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesGaurang Vaidya - University of LouisvillePascual Rubén Valdez - CIUDADElena Varavikova - Institute of Cytology and GeneticsSantosh Varughese - Christian Medical CollegeTommi Vasankari - UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, FinlandAna Maria Nogales Vasconcelos - Universidade de BrasíliaNarayanaswamy Venketasubramanian - Raffles Hospital, SingaporeSantos Villafaina - Universidad de ExtremaduraFrancesco S Violante - University of BolognaSergey K. Vladimirov - Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Russian FederationVasiliy Victorovich Vlassov - National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian FederationStein Emil Vollset - University of WashingtonTheo Vos - University of WashingtonKia Vosoughi - Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, IranIsidora S Vujcic - University of BelgradeFasil Wagnew - Debre Markos UniversityYasir Waheed - Foundation University Medical College, PakistanJudd L. Walson - University of WashingtonYanping Wang - University of Sao PauloYuan-Pang Wang - National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, ChinaElisabete Weiderpass - Karolinska InstitutetRobert G. Weintraub - Royal Children's Hospital, AustraliaKidu Gidey Weldegwergs - Clinical Pharmacy Unit, IranAndrea Werdecker - Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, GermanyRonny Westerman - CohortHarvey A. Whiteford - University of WashingtonJustyna Widecka - Zdroje Hospital, PolandKatarzyna Widecka - Pomeranian Medical UniversityTissa Wijeratne - La Trobe UniversityAndrea Sylvia Winkler - University of OsloCharles Shey Wiysonge - University of South AfricaCharles D.A. Wolfe - King's College LondonShouling Wu - Kailuan General HospitalGrant M.A. Wyper - Information Services Division, United KingdomGelin Xu - Nanjing UniversityTomohide Yamada - The University of TokyoYuichiro Yano - Northwestern University, USASheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam - Tehran University of Medical SciencesYasin Jemal Yasin - School of Public Health, United StatesPengpeng Ye - Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, ChinaGökalp Kadri Yentür - Ministry of Health Tureky, TurkeyAlex Yeshaneh - Wolkite UniversityEbrahim Mohammed - School of Pharmacy, United StatesPaul Yip - Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Hong KongEngida Yisma - School of Allied Health Sciences, EthiopiaNaohiro Yonemoto - Kyoto UniversitySeok-Jun Yoon - Northeastern University, United StatesMarcel Yotebieng - School of Public Health, United StatesMustafa Z. Younis - Jackson State UniversityMahmoud Yousefifard - Physiology Research Center, IranChuanhua Yu - Wuhan UniversityVesna Zadnik - Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, SloveniaZoubida Zaidi - University Hospital of Setif, AlgeriaSojib Bin Zaman - International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchMohammad Zamani - Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesZohreh Zare - Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesMulugeta Molla Zeleke - School of Pharmacy, United StatesZerihun Menlkalew Zenebe - Debre Berhan UniversityTaddese Alemu Zerfu - African Population Health Research Centre, KenyaXueying Zhang - University of Texas, United StatesXiu-Ju Zhao - Wuhan University of TechnologyMaigeng Zhou - Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention Center, ChinaJun Zhu - National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, ChinaStephanie R.M. Zimsen - University of WashingtonSanjay Zodpey - Indian Institute of Public Health, IndiaLeo Zoeckler - University of WashingtonAlan D. Lopez - University of WashingtonStephen S. Lim - University of WashingtonGBD 2017 Population and Fertility Collaborators
- Publication Details
- The Lancet (British edition), Vol.392(10159), pp.1995-2051
- Identifiers
- 991005591579507891
- Copyright
- © 2018 The Author(s)
- Murdoch Affiliation
- Centre for Healthy Ageing
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article
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- 1 Clinical & Life Sciences
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