Journal article
Randomised clinical non-inferiority trial of breathing-based meditation and cognitive processing therapy for symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans
BMJ Open, Vol.12(8), Art. e056609
2022
Abstract
Objective Test whether Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) was non-inferior to cognitive processing therapy (CPT) for treating symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among veterans via a parallel randomised controlled non-inferiority trial.
Setting Outpatient Veterans Affairs healthcare centre.
Participants 85 veterans (75 men, 61% white, mean age 56.9) with symptoms of PTSD participated between October 2015 and March 2020: 59 participants completed the study.
Interventions SKY emphasises breathing routines and was delivered in group format in a 15-hour workshop followed by two 1-hour sessions per week for 5 weeks. CPT is an individual psychotherapy which emphasises shifting cognitive appraisals and was delivered in two 1-hour sessions per week for 6 weeks.
Measures The primary outcome measure was the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C). The secondary measures were the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS).
Results Mean PCL-C at baseline was 56.5 (±12.6). Intent-to-treat analyses showed that PCL-C scores were reduced at 6 weeks (end of treatment) relative to baseline (SKY, −5.6, d=0.41, n=41: CPT, −6.8, d=0.58, n=44). The between-treatment difference in change scores was within the non-inferiority margin of 10 points (−1.2, 95% CI −5.7 to 3.3), suggesting SKY was not inferior to CPT. SKY was also non-inferior at 1-month (CPT–SKY: −2.1, 95% CI −6.9 to 2.8) and 1-year (CPT–SKY: −1.8, 95% CI −6.6 to 2.9) assessments. SKY was also non-inferior to CPT on the BDI-II and PANAS at end of treatment and 1 month, but SKY was inferior to CPT on both BDI-II and PANAS at 1 year. Dropout rates were similar (SKY, 27%, CPT, 34%: OR=1.36, 95% CI 0.51 to 3.62, p=0.54).
Conclusions SKY may be non-inferior to CPT for treating symptoms of PTSD and merits further consideration as a treatment for PTSD.
Details
- Title
- Randomised clinical non-inferiority trial of breathing-based meditation and cognitive processing therapy for symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans
- Authors/Creators
- P.J. Bayley (Author/Creator) - Stanford UniversityR.J. Schulz-Heik (Author/Creator) - VA Palo Alto Health Care SystemJ.S. Tang (Author/Creator) - VA Palo Alto Health Care SystemD.C. Mathersul (Author/Creator) - Murdoch UniversityT. Avery (Author/Creator) - VA Palo Alto Health Care SystemM. Wong (Author/Creator) - VA Palo Alto Health Care SystemJ.M. Zeitzer (Author/Creator) - Stanford UniversityC.S. Rosen (Author/Creator) - Stanford UniversityA.S. Burn (Author/Creator) - VA Palo Alto Health Care SystemB. Hernandez (Author/Creator) - Stanford UniversityL.C. Lazzeroni (Author/Creator) - Stanford UniversityE.M. Seppälä (Author/Creator) - Stanford University
- Publication Details
- BMJ Open, Vol.12(8), Art. e056609
- Publisher
- BMJ Publishing Group
- Identifiers
- 991005543495907891
- Copyright
- © 2022 Author(s) (or their employer(s)).
- Murdoch Affiliation
- School of Allied Health
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article
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- Collaboration types
- Domestic collaboration
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- Citation topics
- 6 Social Sciences
- 6.24 Psychiatry & Psychology
- 6.24.93 Trauma and PTSD
- Web Of Science research areas
- Psychiatry
- ESI research areas
- Clinical Medicine