Retraction Note: Formation of giant iron oxide-copper-gold deposits by superimposed, episodic hydrothermal pulses

Irene Del Real; Martin Reich; Adam C Simon; Artur Deditius; Fernando Barra; María A Rodríguez-Mustafa; John F. H Thompson; Malcolm P Roberts

doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00774-w

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Retraction Note: Formation of giant iron oxide-copper-gold deposits by superimposed, episodic hydrothermal pulses

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Retraction Note: Formation of giant iron oxide-copper-gold deposits by superimposed, episodic hydrothermal pulses

Irene Del Real, Martin Reich, Adam C Simon, Artur Deditius, Fernando Barra, María A Rodríguez-Mustafa, John F. H Thompson and Malcolm P Roberts

Communications earth & environment, Vol.4, 115

2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00774-w

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Abstract

The authors have retracted this article because an error in the application of the actinolite geothermometer, used to estimate formation temperature in the Candelaria iron oxide-copper-gold deposit, undermines our conclusion that actinolite can be used as a geothermometer in iron oxide-copper-gold deposits. The geothermometer is based on the iron content of actinolite coexisting with quartz, two pyroxenes and vapour; however, quartz and pyroxenes are rare or absent in the Candelaria deposit. This means that the geothermometer cannot be used for temperature estimation because the rocks in question did not contain the requisite equilibrium assemblage for which the actinolite geothermometer had been developed. Our conclusion that the Candelaria iron oxide-copper-gold deposit formed during at least two distinct mineralization stages, where both stages include actinolite with distinct chemical compositions that probably crystallized over different ranges of temperature, remains supported. However, we acknowledge that actinolite compositions are not a proxy for temperature of formation in this case. Given that without this element, the study does not demonstrate the applicability of actinolite as a geothermometer in iron oxide-copper-gold deposits, the Communications Earth & Environment editors asked for a Retraction, which we accept. A revised paper, without the temperature estimations from the actinolite geothermometer, will be submitted to another journal with details added to this note if and when it is published. The editors and authors acknowledge Mathew Steele-MacInnis, Fernando Tornos and John Hanchar for bringing the issue to their attention. All authors agree to this retraction.

Details

Title: Retraction Note: Formation of giant iron oxide-copper-gold deposits by superimposed, episodic hydrothermal pulses
Authors/Creators: Irene Del Real
Martin Reich
Adam C Simon
Artur Deditius
Fernando Barra
María A Rodríguez-Mustafa
John F. H Thompson
Malcolm P Roberts
Publication Details: Communications earth & environment, Vol.4, 115
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
Identifiers: 991005565591707891
Copyright: © The Author(s) 2023
Murdoch Affiliation: School of Mathematics, Statistics, Chemistry and Physics; Centre for Water, Energy and Waste
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article

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Citation topics: 8 Earth Sciences; 8.8 Geochemistry, Geophysics & Geology; 8.8.1 Geochemical Petrogenesis
Web Of Science research areas: Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
ESI research areas: Geosciences