Sex differences in the association between episodic memory residual reserve index and change in executive function

Cheyenne Chooi; Brandon E. Gavett; David Ames; Paul Maruff; Vincent Doré; Victor L. Villemagne; Pierrick Bourgeat; Ying Xia; Colin L. Masters; Ralph N. Martins; Kevin Taddei; Christopher C. Rowe; Michael Weinborn; Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith

doi:10.1016/j.nbas.2025.100146

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Sex differences in the association between episodic memory residual reserve index and change in executive function

Journal article

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Sex differences in the association between episodic memory residual reserve index and change in executive function

Cheyenne Chooi, Brandon E. Gavett, David Ames, Paul Maruff, Vincent Doré, Victor L. Villemagne, Pierrick Bourgeat, Ying Xia, Colin L. Masters, Ralph N. Martins, …

Aging brain, Vol.8, 100146

2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbas.2025.100146

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Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease

Beta-amyloid

Cognitive reserve

Episodic memory

Residual reserve index

Sex differences

Sex differences in cognitive reserve might contribute to females being disproportionately affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We investigated sex differences in the protective effects of cognitive reserve, and whether brain beta-amyloid accounts for differences. Older adults (n = 997 from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Study of Ageing) diagnosed as Cognitively Normal, Mild Cognitive Impairment, or AD at baseline were assessed every 18 months for up to a maximum of seven visits. Cognitive reserve was calculated from the variance in episodic memory not explained by demographic or brain measures. Executive functioning (EF) intercept and slope were regressed onto the main and interaction effects of cognitive reserve x brain integrity x sex, plus covariates (age, number of APOE ε4 alleles). A three-way interaction was observed between cognitive reserve, brain integrity, and sex on the EF slope. Females benefitted more than males from the protective effects of cognitive reserve at low levels of brain integrity. Sex differences in the protective effect of cognitive reserve were not moderated by brain beta-amyloid burden.

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Title: Sex differences in the association between episodic memory residual reserve index and change in executive function
Authors/Creators: Cheyenne Chooi - School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
Brandon E. Gavett - School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
David Ames - National Ageing Research Institute
Paul Maruff - The University of Melbourne
Vincent Doré - Cogstate Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Victor L. Villemagne - University of Pittsburgh
Pierrick Bourgeat - The University of Melbourne
Ying Xia - The University of Melbourne
Colin L. Masters - The University of Melbourne
Ralph N. Martins - Macquarie University
Kevin Taddei - Edith Cowan University
Christopher C. Rowe - Austin Health
Michael Weinborn - School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith - School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
Publication Details: Aging brain, Vol.8, 100146
Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
Number of pages: 13
Identifiers: 991005802049507891
Murdoch Affiliation: Centre for Healthy Ageing
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article

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