Journal article
Water-in-oil emulsion foaming by thiourea nitrosation: Reaction and mass transfer
AIChE Journal, Vol.52(4), pp.1558-1565
2006
Abstract
A study has been undertaken into the chemical production of gas bubbles within a concentrated water-in-oil emulsion, typical of those used as emulsion explosives. Chemical foaming was initiated by the introduction of a concentrated sodium nitrite solution to the emulsion, and the measurement of the decreasing emulsion density with time served to estimate the rate of nitrogen production. A conversion of emulsion density to nitrite ion concentration facilitated a kinetic analysis of the data. The change in nitrite ion concentration follows a rate equation which indicates that the rate-limiting reaction step corresponds to the N-nitrosation of thiourea by ON+, with an apparent rate constant of 0.22 M-1 s-1 at 25°C. Tests over a temperature range of 25 to 50°C yielded an activation energy of 59 kJ mol-1. A mass-transfer model describing the rate of diffusion between aqueous droplets is presented. This model suggests that chemical kinetics, rather than molecular diffusion, is the rate-limiting phenomenon in the foaming of emulsions. Supporting this finding, the kinetic experiments in emulsion returned very similar results to previous experiments performed in aqueous media under similar conditions.
Details
- Title
- Water-in-oil emulsion foaming by thiourea nitrosation: Reaction and mass transfer
- Authors/Creators
- G. da Silva (Author/Creator) - University of Newcastle AustraliaB.Z. Dlugogorski (Author/Creator) - University of Newcastle AustraliaE.M. Kennedy (Author/Creator) - University of Newcastle Australia
- Publication Details
- AIChE Journal, Vol.52(4), pp.1558-1565
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Identifiers
- 991005541001807891
- Copyright
- © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
- Murdoch Affiliation
- Murdoch University
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article
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- 1 Clinical & Life Sciences
- 1.254 Ultrasound in Medicine
- 1.254.976 Microbubbles
- Web Of Science research areas
- Engineering, Chemical
- ESI research areas
- Chemistry