Abstract
Aquatic habitats encompass some of the most complex and dynamic environs on earth, leaving fish to navigate multiple, interacting stressors. Fish regularly contend with shifts in key environmental conditions in combination with biotic challenges and anthropogenic pressures. Stressors are becoming more numerous and severe owing to human pressures, and multi-stressor studies are critical to building an understanding of how fish physiology is affected by multivariate phenomena, like climate change. In this article, we explore how fish physiologically respond to multivariate changes in their environment, paying particular attention to non-additive stressor interactions where “ecophysiological surprises” are revealed.