Abstract
With the rapid development and pervasive application of digital technologies, cyberEspionageespionageCyber espionage has emerged as a critical concern in the realm of national securityNational security. It has been one of the key factors that is shaping geopolitical strategies and the protection of sensitive data. This chapter explores the fundamental concepts of cyber espionageCyber espionage, its historical origin, evolving methodologies, and the various entities engaged in such covert activities. Moreover, the chapter examines the complex interplay between cyberEspionageespionageCyber espionage and national securityNational security through analyses of the technological enablers of cyberEspionageespionageCyber espionage, the corresponding defensive strategiesDefensive strategies and mechanisms, associated legal frameworks, and global repercussions. Through an extensive review of the activities of state and non-state actors, the tools they employ, and their strategies and measures, readers of this chapter will develop a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of cyberEspionageespionageCyber espionage on national securityNational security and the future directions to mitigate such threats.