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Open Access CC BY V4.0
Journal article
Beyond Generic Phishing Detection: Explainable AI for Finance-Adapted Models in Banking and Fintech
FinTech, Vol.5(3), 58
2026
Abstract
Purpose: This study examines whether finance-adapted (FA) phishing detection models improve the detection of finance-themed (FT) attacks, whether improvements differ across email and webpage modalities, and whether finance adaptation creates a specialisation–generalisation trade-off. Design/Methodology/Approach: A domain-aware framework is developed using email (82,486 instances) and webpage (11,430 instances) datasets. FT and non-finance-themed (NFT) instances are identified using weighted lexicon-based labelling. Generic models are compared with FA models across Logistic Regression, Linear SVC, and Random Forest using F1-score, MCC, balanced accuracy, ROC-AUC, and PR-AUC. Statistical validation employs bootstrap confidence intervals and McNemar’s test, while SHAP and permutation importance interpret webpage model behaviour. Findings: FA models outperform generic models in FT email classification, confirming that finance-specific semantic cues improve detection. However, gains are weaker and less consistent in webpage classification, where models rely mainly on structural indicators (page rank, Google index, hyperlinks). The results reveal a specialisation–generalisation trade-off: FA models improve in-domain detection but do not consistently outperform generic models on NFT instances, with F1-score declines of −0.0057 to −0.0151 on non-finance subsets. Practical Implications: Financial institutions and fintech platforms should deploy domain-adapted detection for email-based threats, where finance-specific linguistic cues yield measurable gains, while maintaining generic or ensemble models for broader webpage phishing coverage. Originality/Value: This study introduces a finance-themed, multi-modal, explainable AI framework for phishing detection, demonstrating that domain adaptation depends critically on data modality and feature representation. It provides a novel systematic comparison of generic versus FA phishing detection across both modalities with statistical validation and explainability analysis.
Details
- Title
- Beyond Generic Phishing Detection: Explainable AI for Finance-Adapted Models in Banking and Fintech
- Authors/Creators
- Istiaque BhuiyanTanvir Bhuiyan (Author/Creator) - Murdoch University, College of Business
- Publication Details
- FinTech, Vol.5(3), 58
- Publisher
- MDPI
- Identifiers
- 991005898564607891
- Copyright
- © 2026 by the authors.
- Murdoch Affiliation
- College of Business
- Resource Type
- Journal article
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