Neil Loneragan

Introduction
Over 100 years ago, McAtee (1912) set out to settle once and for all the debate on whether data on the contents of animal stomachs should be presented as percentage-by-bulk (the volume of each prey type; percentage volume or volumetric percentage) or numerically (based on counts of the number of individuals in each food type; numerical percentage). He didn’t succeed, with numerous other authors, including Pinkas et al. (1971) and Hart et al. (2002), also considering the question many years later. Indices combining multiple methods were proposed, while others argued strongly for presentation of the different methods individually to facilitate combining data across multiple studies in meta-analyses (Buckland et al. 2017). The story continues in Chapter 3, where the authors wrestle with the practical problems of identifying foods from stomach contents and quantifying the findings. The persistence of the debate confirms the ongoing interest in animal diets, acknowledging that there is still much discussion on how best to describe and quantify their important features. In this chapter we first outline the compelling reasons why it is important to study animal diets, grouping them under the themes of natural history, ecosystem function, food selection behaviour and practical applications. We then turn to the question of how to study animal diets, which is the primary focus of the book, explaining how the remaining chapters are structured to answer this question.

Human dimensions are increasingly recognized as a key element of fisheries globally. Information on human dimensions, particularly in the context of governance and social justice, is often lacking. Social justice includes the principles of fairness and equal opportunity, and is central for the governance of natural resources such as fisheries. Currently, no information on social justice has been collected for any Australian fishery. The blue swimmer crab (Portunus armatus) fishery is multisector and iconic, particularly in southwestern Australia, where an estimated 100,000 recreational fishers target this species but only seven small-scale commercial operators are active. This study used face-to-face and online surveys to explore commercial fishers’ concerns through the lens of the three orders of social justice (see Chap. 2 of this volume). Results indicate concerns regarding: (i) a lack of local community support for commercial fisheries and marginalization by the numerically dominant recreational sector (first order); (ii) the inequity of regulations processes that influenced fisheries management (second order) which were seen as promoting recreational over commercial fishing; (iii) a contrast between the prioritization of purchasing local seafood and the lack of support for the local commercial fishing sector (third order). This suggests that recreational fishers miss the link between the values and norms associated with purchasing local seafood products and support for the local fishing industry extracting them. Small-scale commercial fishers are concerned about the future of their industry as they feel pressured from the larger recreational sector and feel that the broader community does not acknowledge the value of their fishery.

Indonesia is an archipelagic nation, with over 13,466 islands within one of the largest exclusive economic zones (EEZs) in the world. Indonesian capture fisheries are among the most productive fisheries worldwide, with several fisheries in the top five by production globally. Statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) show that the overall production of fish products in Indonesia is second globally (FAO, 2020). Indonesian fisheries become even more significant when considering the number of livelihoods supported by small-scale fisheries...

Indonesian capture fisheries are among the most productive fisheries worldwide; several feature in the five highest-producing fisheries globally. Statistics for 2018 from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) show that the overall landings of marine fish in Indonesia rank a global second. Moreover, the importance of small-scale Indonesian fisheries is underscored by the number of livelihoods they support. These proceedings report the findings from two workshops held to consolidate the available information on and evaluate management strategies for seven data-limited fisheries in Indonesia. The work builds on previous Australia–Indonesia collaborations in marine fisheries research, including three projects conducted by the Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research (ACIAR): (1) Capacity development to monitor, analyse and report on Indonesian tuna fisheries; 2005–2010 (ACIAR Project FIS/2002/074), (2) Developing new assessment and policy frameworks for Indonesia’s marine fisheries, including the control and management of Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported Fishing (ACIAR Project FIS/2006/142), and (3) Developing research capacity for management of Indonesia’s pelagic fisheries resources (ACIAR Project FIS/2009/059)...

The two workshops held in Bogor, Indonesia, synthesised information for seven data-limited fisheries in Indonesia and built an understanding of both evaluating management strategies for fisheries and how to apply the Method Evaluation and Risk Assessment package (MERA). As part of the process, new data assessments of fisheries were tabled, mainly using the length-based spawning potential ratio, which typically found very low stock levels. These findings are consistent with those reported to the Government of Indonesia on the status of stocks across the 11 Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs). For example, in 2011, 35% of stocks were assessed as fully exploited and 38% as overexploited, while in 2017, 39% were reported as fully exploited and 44% as overexploited (e.g. decision number 50/KEPMEN-KP/2017). The findings also highlight the need to better manage the fisheries and implement effective measures to rebuild stocks...

Summary: In this chapter we discuss area–time closures as a management approach to mitigate the impacts of commercial cetacean-watch tourism. We begin by evaluating the benefits and potential impacts of the cetacean-watch industry; discuss the variety of legislation currently available and then evaluate its effectiveness. We then discuss the development of area–time closures as part of management frameworks to help mitigate threats to cetacean populations. Finally, we identify the important issues for consideration when implementing area–time closures.